Inventory of StarkNet chain game ecology
Original title: "Inventory of StarkNet chain game ecology"
Original source: StarkNet Chinese
This article introduces the StarkNet chain game ecology to readers . It is worth noting that unlike traditional GameFi, StarkNet's chain games have strong onchain features. Therefore, this article will first introduce StarkNet and the full-chain concept, and then take stock of the StarkNet chain game infrastructure and eleven games that can represent the StarkNet full-chain concept.
StarkNet Introduction
StarkNet is compatible with Ethereum’s L2 at the language level, and StarkNet is L2 As a member of ZKR, its performance in tps and gas far exceeds that of Optimism and Arbitrum and other OPRs.
Source: Xiang｜W3 .Hitchhiker, the premise of the above calculation is that the current ETH is 2500 U, the block gas limit is 30,000,000, the gas fee is 30 Gwei, and the average block time is 13 seconds. The limit TPS means that the corresponding operating environment occupies all the Ethereum block space ( Spending 500,000 gas on proof verification), ordinary TPS means that the corresponding operating environment occupies 1/3 of the block space of all Ethereum
Among the many ZKRs, StarkNet is the "extremist" of zero-knowledge proof (ZKP). StarkNet has developed a virtual machine and Cairo language adapted to validity proofs, and implements recursive features based on the advanced STARK algorithm, which can prove proofs. Simply put, StarkNet is characterized by almost unlimited computing potential.
It should be noted that since the entire StarkNet network has not yet undergone the final state reset, when the next state reset is reached, the assets on the testnet may be Reset, the deployed contract also needs to be changed, most of the applications currently on StarkNet are deployed on the test network.
Full chain concept
The difference between full chain games and GameFi
Before introducing full-chain games, it is necessary to explain the difference between full-chain games and GameFi.
The fundamental difference between full-chain games and GameFi lies in the different degrees of decentralization, license-free, composable, and interoperable.
GameFi only tokenizes game props, game assets are uploaded to the chain, and the calculation and storage part is on the centralized server under the chain, such as the well-known StepN, Axie Infinity, although they have achieved very good results, the gameplay and content of these games are limited, and affected by the centralized operation of the project party, the project party can change the rules of the game. GameFi also does not support UCG - players and developers cannot create in-game content and assets without permission, and it is difficult for other on-chain applications to interoperate with it.
The full chain game is not only to put the game assets on the chain, but also the whole game exists in the network in the form of contract, the state storage and logic execution of the game It is also completely on the chain, which is in line with the basic attributes of the blockchain, which are decentralized, license-free, and composable. This means that no entity can unilaterally change the rules of the game, the initiative of the game is in the hands of the players, and the concept of "official" games will gradually disappear.
What is more valuable is that players and developers can customize the front end based on open source code, and recreate the facilities and assets in the game under the constraints of basic rules , to unlock UCG—the possibility of user-generated content. Moreover, any DApp that conforms to the contract rules of the full-chain game can interoperate with it without permission, which will expand the composability of the full-chain game to a larger ecological range. It can interoperate with DeFi, NFT and any dApp that may emerge in the future, which will break the business pattern of Web2's monopoly business model, and give developers and users a more perfect application experience and more imaginative Create opportunities.
Full chain requirements
However, full chain games have very high requirements on network performance, simple Generally speaking, the network performance is required to have the characteristics of high TPS and low gas.
Compared with any other single-chip performance chain, StarkNet supports developers to customize zero-knowledge proof circuits for applications in terms of technology, and can generate proofs for games independently, and can Build a dedicated L3 game application chain in L2; plus the STARK system has the feature of recursive validity proof and has a nearly unlimited performance limit, which can greatly meet the performance requirements of the full chain game. Not long ago, the founder of StarkNet declared at the Ethereum Seoul Conference that the core algorithm of StarkNet, STARK, can package 60 million transactions into one summary and upload it to the main network, ranking first among all blockchain networks.
As an Ethereum L2, StarkNet can more cheaply and safely undertake Ethereum users, assets, codes, and developers than other public chains. Therefore, compared to other high-performance public chains, StarkNet is undoubtedly better able to meet the performance requirements of full-chain games.
Chain Game Infrastructure
MatchBoxDAO Chain Game Incubation DAO
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Introduction
MatchBoxDAO is an ecosystem DAO composed of developers, artists and designers dedicated to Promote the development of StarkNet ecological chain games and related infrastructure and tools.
MatchboxDAO supports developers building development tools, infrastructure, and building blocks for on-chain games. Each basic component is open source and can be used and reused by new developers entering DAO. This will not only save a lot of work for developers, improve the development efficiency of full-chain games, but also enable multiple full-chain games to be developed at low cost. Ways to share a common technical framework to lay the foundation for composability and interoperability.
MatchBoxDAO consists of two products, Matchbox Spark and Matchbox Studios.
Matchbox Spark is a game incubator on StarkNet, helping developers deal with legal, financing, marketing, Token economics, community and corporate strategy, and MatchBox will receive Partial shareholding in the company.
Matchbox Studios is a suite of development tools designed to accelerate game development on StarkNet. MatchBox's recent advances have led to the development of session keys (secretless payments for Web3).
Financing
On August 18, 2022, MatchBox completed 7.5 million US dollar financing, this round of financing was led by StarkWare, the StarkNet development team, with investors including Big Brain Holdings, Geometry Research, 1kx, Delphi Ventures and other institutions.
Funding for development of Matchbox Spark and Matchbox Studios.
Hackathon
MatchBox in 22 years A hackathon was held in the first half of the year, with 78 teams participating, and the winners will be announced on July 23, 2022. The winners include Tic Tac AI, Starknet ID, Axelrod, while incubating a large number of StarkNet applications, such as Frenslend, StarkWorld, etc.
On September 8th, Matchbox joined forces with StarkWare and LootRealms to hold the second hackathon, which lasted from September 28th to October 9th.
The goal of the second hackathon is to help developers develop full-chain games on StarkNet and the components, tools, infrastructure components or any other basis of full-chain games These facilities can be used by other full-chain games.
This hackathon includes four tracks, which are Realms games, Realms tools, full-chain games, and full-chain game components, tools, and basic components (some An ecology, the basic component or the smallest unit of an application) or other infrastructure.
Cartridge.gg chain game Steam
Cartridge is a chain game integration platform on StarkNet, similar to Steam in Web2. On the one hand, it can help users browse and start selected encrypted chain games, help users get rewards from tasks, upgrade avatars and interact with friends in the community, on the other hand, it can help chain games to users faster.
On the other hand, as a chain game infrastructure, Cartridge can also combine encrypted wallets to provide players with a richer chain experience. DID, community, game item market, and financial market can also be implemented in Cartridge, thus connecting the composability advantages of encrypted games to outside the game.
Currently in development, integrating with popular StarkNet projects like Briq, LootRealms, Topology, MatchBox, etc.
briq NFT Development Agreement
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Briq is a block-based building protocol that allows anyone to create their own NFT. The goal is to assemble blocks (briqs) to create a structure (collection) and store them on-chain as NFTs, just like Minecraft and Roblox are based on blockchains and NFTs.
Users will collect blocks to craft structures. But also dismantle existing structures to reclaim blocks and use them to build new structures. It is also possible to combine NFTs with each other to make more complex structures. The only limit is the user's imagination and the number of briqs in their wallet. In short, blocks and buildings are infinitely modular.
In terms of application, it allows users to visually build NFT with a block as the smallest element, and has the characteristics of composability and interoperability-on the one hand The briq can be combined to create NFTs called collectibles, and the original NFTs can also be recombined or split into brand new NFTs arbitrarily. Just like real things, users can recreate NFTs based on existing NFTs.
On the other hand, briq NFT can be used in any game, you may be able to turn it into an avatar of an airplane or an identity on the chain in a full-chain game, It has unlimited interoperability.
There are currently many users who have created rich birq NFT, although most of them have obvious pixel style, but it is worth looking forward to, with the editable number Increase, maybe the picture of birq NFT can look more and more realistic-like a high-definition screen with hundreds of thousands of pixels.
NFT Marketplace: Aspect and Mint Square
Aspect is an NFT marketplace on StarkNet.
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It is planned to launch the main network in the fourth quarter, but Aspect is currently on the test network, and the NFT contract standard is still under development. During the network or contract upgrade period, all minted on Aspect nfts will be deleted.
Users can try to mint NFT on Aspect by transferring L2 to Ethereum through StarkGate
Mint Square, like Aspect, is also an NFT market on StarkNet, and there is no obvious difference in function and positioning.
Same as Aspect, it has the basic functions of buying, selling, casting and listing items.
Game inventory
Physical simulation of the Isaac three-body theme
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Introduction
Isaac is StarkNet's first full-chain game, which is based on the novel "Three-Body Problem" A fixed, multiplayer online physics simulation game.
The setting of the world view is similar to "Three-Body Problem" and "The Wandering Earth". All players form a civilization and live on an endangered planet called Ev , which is located in a solar system with three suns: Byk, Orta, and Balaca. This planet can easily hit the sun, and civilization will be destroyed on the sun. Players must cooperate to build factories, pipelines and power grids based on the real physical rules between planets, convert natural resources into various devices, and push planets to change their orbits to avoid hitting the sun just like "Wandering Earth".
The team behind Topology has its own game design philosophy, mainly including deep chain, inclusiveness, Unlimited expansion, non-simulation, they will be briefly introduced below.
On the Deepin Chain
Currently most video games cut corners in their code to optimize reliability under performance constraints (such as frame rate). Performance-bound games. Deep on-chain also means that developers can choose to be equal participants in smart contract deployments, rather than using their exclusive access to backdoors to turn those great products into Mediocre.
Multi-entry inclusive
On-chain reality should revolve around multi-entry and inclusive Concept construction. First-person shooter games target the player's hand-eye coordination and quick tactical thinking. DeFi "games" target the player's quantitative and game thinking skills. These talents represent a small fraction of the vast majority of human talents and curiosities. Onchain realities strives to provide a space for creative expression for many talents.
The reality on the chain is not only to make a specific game, but to create a space for everyone to express, to build a game that can accommodate all games and can improve infinitely for different games. The "game universe" of bridge experience. Imagine that the hit of the non-pointing skill of League of Legends depends on the accuracy of your FPS in the game, just like all kinds of players in World of Warcraft can find their own fun in the world (World of Warcraft if Running on the chain may not slowly lose vitality).
Permissionless Expansion
Onchain Realities strives to enable permissionless expansion of game boundaries, any Programmers can participate in the development of the game without permission at the bare metal level (that is, smart contracts), and modify the game content and mechanisms under the constraints of the basic rules, and provide architects, sound designers, and environment designers with flexible These realities are enriched by tools and interfaces, fashion designers, screenwriters, and more.
CarseDAO Game DAO Contract Standard
CarseDAO is committed to becoming the standard for game voting (P2V) , which Isaac's team Topology believes will redefine open game development. The CarseDAO standard is a contract standard for DAO, which formulates a basic mechanism for a full-chain game to implement the governance process through contracts.
The CarseDAO standard hopes to determine the governance mechanism of the DAO through a purely on-chain, immutable contract. In addition, unlike many current DAOs that are governed through Tokens, CarseDAO’s voting is only through the game Or in-game feedback complete. Players' votes in CarseDAO come directly and only from game participation, and the contract automatically gives game players voting rights through parameters. Therefore, users must participate in the game if they want to participate in game decision-making and voting.
DAO and Governance
IsaacDAO is Isaac's DAO, its design philosophy includes The following four points:
Follow the CarseDAO standard, strive for simplicity and completeness, explore quadratic voting, and embrace complete forkability.
Progress
Currently in Open Alpha testing stage, testing the core game mechanism and preparing for the open decentralized development, ordinary users have a certain participation threshold, and the official gives developers a participation tutorial.
S2M2 solvers and invited collaborators can participate in the playtest; all users can observe and reproduce the civilization.
It is worth noting that the team Topology has promoted the concept of full-chain games at StarkNet related conferences many times, and related videos can be found on YouTube.
It is also the technical community of StarkNet, and many open classes of StarkNet are published through its YouTube channel.
Game of Life on GoL2 Chain
Introduction
GoL2 is the Game of Life on StarkNet. About the game of life, also known as Conway's Game of Life (Conway's Game of Life), or Conway's life chess, is a cellular automaton invented by British mathematician John Horton Conway in 1970. It first appeared in Martin Gordon's "Mathematical Games" column in Scientific American in October 1970.
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Regarding the rules of the game, cells arranged in a square grid are either alive or dead. A live cell with 2 or 3 live neighbors can survive; a dead cell with 3 live neighbors can be resurrected; otherwise the cell dies.
How the game plays depends on the player's initial state settings, the game requires no further input. As you can see, the evolution of the Game of Life is unpredictable - just like life. Players can interact with the Game of Life by creating an initial configuration and watching how it evolves. It is Turing complete and can simulate a universal constructor or any other Turing machine, which also means that contracts on StarkNet can interoperate with it.
Looking at GoL2 from a gaming point of view, it doesn't seem like it makes any sense, but since it has no hard-coded design, plus the results are unpredictable, in theory it can do anything. It can be combined with AIGC (Artificial Intelligence Generated Content) technology and integrated into other full-chain games on StarkNet. All the content we touch in the game can undergo endless evolution. For example, we can experience infinite Endless and ever-changing cosmic planets, alien creatures, mineral resources, and natural vegetation will bring revolutionary breakthroughs to the experience of the entire chain of games.
TokenEconomy
Currently, GoL2 is a single currency model, and the Token name is GOL.
In the process of participating in the game, players will get Token with the evolution of cells. Players can use 10 Tokens to create their own games in creative mode, or Spend 1 Token in endless mode to give life to cells. Every time a player completes an evolution in infinite mode, a unique snapshot is generated and ownership of that snapshot is assigned to the wallet.
Progress
Currently the game is under development, GOLToken will also be announced along with the game However, the current team has not announced a clear future plan.
LootRealms MMOCCG massively multiplayer on-chain combinable game on-chain Loot Realms
Introduction
Loot Realms is a large-scale multiplayer strategy game ecosystem that can be combined on the chain. version, players need to hold Realms NFT to start the game. In the second version, they can participate in the game by casting Adeventers. It is worth adding that the equipment of the adventurers is the Loot that was popular before.
Its inspiration comes from Loot, and its gameplay is similar to Web2 military sandbox games such as EVE, Sato no Hare, etc. The LootRealms game world consists of 8000 Realms. A Realms is a territory. A territory has up to 7 types of resource attributes, a total of 22 types. Players not only need to build a sustainable economic system to produce resources, but also protect and compete for resources by building military forces.
Each country produces 250 resources per day, which are used to build buildings, build armies (to protect the country/attack other countries to rob resources), conduct trade activities, etc. . All resources can be paired and traded with $LORDS on the AMM. The things that can be built in the kingdom are limited, so this game has high requirements for players' strategic thinking and strong gameplay.
It is worth adding that Loot Realms' DAO is BibliothecaDAO, which is also a development DAO dedicated to building games on-chain. Holding Realms NFT can participate in governance, and governance tokens will be issued in the future.
Token LORDS
The largest portion of $LORDS will be released through game emissions. These emissions will follow a supply curve that depends on the actions in the game. It will be issued at a sustained rate to balance inflation and growth, with total issuance expected to take at least seven years.
The distribution plan for the Journey Contract portion is to distribute 10% of $LORDS to early Realms holders who choose to stake. Allocations of this size will never happen again.
Nexus Trading Machine
All transactions in the Realmverse go through a network called Nexus Machines flow, and players provide $LORDS as fuel for the Nexus to run.
All in-game transactions incur fees (provided to Nexus). These fees are currently set at the following percentages,
As with most decentralized protocols, holders can change these fees through governance votes.
LORDS Staking
There are two kinds of staking Methods
The first is to pledge LORDS to Nexus, and the second is to pledge 22 kinds of resources (choose any one) and $LORDS transaction pairs. Both staking methods will be rewarded with LORDSToken. The latter staking method actually decentralizes the resource trading market of Web2 common war sandbox games.
In addition to purchasing through the trading platform, before the game is launched, you can get the output $LORDS by staking Realms NFT.
Imperium Wars Sandbox Strategy
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Introduction
Imperium Wars is a sandbox strategy game that combines card, diplomacy, military, and economic elements. It can be compared with war sandbox games such as Shuituzhihama and Romance of the Three Kingdoms in Web2 mobile games.
The background of the game is that five countries fight each other, and the last two remaining countries win. Soldiers exist in the form of NFT cards. The country is composed of soldiers. There are five levels of soldiers: Marshal, Commander, Artillery, Cavalry, and Infantry. Marshals and commanders will be represented by historical figures. To have a soldier is to join a country to fight.
Each season starts a new war, and at the end of the season each empire will be scored based on the number of territories they have conquered. Warriors of the victorious empire will earn war spoils and royalties in ETH, the map is reinitialized and the rules can be changed. Other empires will score based on the amount of territory they conquer.
Thoughts
The Imperium Wars team has some Thinking about blockchain games. Most of their P2E Token economies are unsustainable, and game developers should focus on game development rather than complex encryption economics and DeFi protocols. If the game is fun and popular, many players will initiate a natural and large number of transactions, and the royalty income from its NFT collection will be considerable and sustainable.
Imperium's first card has 8% royalties, 4% will go to loot and redistribute to the community, and another 4% will go to Imperium develop.
Progress
The game is currently under development .
Recent tweets mentioned StarkNet id, Imperium Wars and Eykar jointly developed StarkNet id , here is the tutorial for Starknet id.
September The white paper was released on the 3rd.
A triple-A masterpiece of Redline robot racing
Introduction
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Redline is a game based on UE5 model, integrating robot, racing, engineering elements, in-depth strategy and plot game, dedicated to game logic and fun through the complete chain and 3A graphics technology to bring the game to a new level. The participating robots are NFTs and can be purchased on NFT marketplaces such as Aspect and MintSquare on StarkNet, but the official said in a tweet on September 4 that users may get more rewards for completing community tasks. Good NFT. The game is currently in beta.
Progress
8 The alpha test kicked off in January, with an open match every five minutes or so, a daily qualifier, and a weekly tournament for six days, with 3 matches on the final day to determine the winner.
Eykar War Sandbox
Introduction
Eykar It is a war sandbox game that combines elements of multiplayer online and role-playing, similar to Imperium. Open source smart contracts determine the rules of the world: how fast time passes, how you move, how you build an army, etc.
Players need to pay around $10 in Ethereum to get their first piece of land and choose a faction. Based on the land, the player can start recruiting people, exploring and conquering territories. As the player continues to expand, they will eventually encounter other kingdoms, who may become allies or start a war. Players will gain reputation by performing different actions depending on the faction.
Reputation will play a very important role as it will determine at the end of the season which player or guild will win the match and keep half of the money generated by the match.
Progress
Eykar is currently under development , Players can complete tasks, but cannot experience the game. As of September 13, the official has not given a clear plan.
NoGame Space MMORPG
Introduction
NoGame is a space-themed MMORPG, the planet is NFT, and the resource is ERC20Token.
The current gameplay is limited to static simulation management. Players need to accumulate resources and upgrade various facilities by consuming resources to obtain greater resource output.
Progress
Currently in beta, Users can enter the game interaction
Log in to the website, connect to the wallet, and click create planet below
Then the following screen appears, players can try to achieve different resource production through different upgrade routes out combination.
Influence space strategy massively multiplayer online game
Introduction
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Influence is a space strategy sandbox MMO set in the asteroid belt of the Adalia system. Adalia is humanity's new home after its ill-fated journey aboard the Arvad, a multigenerational ship fleeing a dying Earth.
The first version of the game is titled "Exploitation", which focuses on the foundations of the emerging Adalian economy. Players will begin to expand their influence by controlling valuable resources and supply chains to produce goods and provide services. Players will need to maintain a careful balance of resources in order to build infrastructure and remain competitive within the Adalia asteroid belt. Focusing on specialization and maximizing efficiency in an ever-changing environment will be some of the keys to success.
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To play the game, you need to hold the crew NFT (the price of purchasing common crew in Influence is less than 10U), and the crew is divided into pilots, merchants, engineers, miners and scientists according to their occupations. Each player can use up to 5 crew members at the same time, regardless of occupation. Players need to compete with other players in many ways: mining, construction, trade, research and combat. Colonize asteroids and exploit their resources, build infrastructure, discover technology, and engage in battle. Expand your influence on the belt, either solo or in co-op with other players.
Three game analysis tools have been developed so far, namely Elerium, Tyrell Yutani, and Strwrsfrk. The following figure is an example of the Tyrell Yutani dashboard.
Progress
Currently, the second phase of the Influence testnet is underway, players can Learn how to play the game step by step through the tutorial. The game is in continuous active development, and a release date has yet to be finalized.
The project party stated that when SWAYToken is issued, 1% (1.5 billion SWAY) will be used to reward testnet participants. It is worth noting that the project will release 500 asteroids in Discord every week.
Dope Wars Metaspace
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Introduction
It is a DAO management game, a HipHop-style P2E metaverse project, the main features are open source, community-driven and completely decentralized.
Its core mechanism is mainly composed of four Tokens:
Hustler: role NFT, with The specification that adapts to the whole chain exists on the blockchain, and the owner can customize its appearance through Swap Meet (the game's built-in trading market), and can equip Gear;
$PAPER: in-game currency, ERC-20 Specifications, the current tentative total supply is 1 billion PAPER, and holding a Dope NFT can receive 12.5w;
Gear: issued from the Dope NFT ERC-1155 specification NFT, stored on Optimism, one Dope NFT can issue nine Gears, and each Gear can be traded in the in-game market individually
< b>Progress
Dope Wars plans to implement $TURF, which is related to the subsequent land sales system: pledge Dope NFT and $ The STREETCRED Token obtained by PAPER can be used to purchase $TURF
Mugshots implementation (Hustlers snapshot, created on the Ethereum mainnet in ERC-721)
Hustlers, Gear Coming (Q4 2021)
Dope NFT, $PAPER Coming (Q3 2021)
Social
The above-mentioned full-chain games have relatively strong simulated management Features, in addition, StarkNet also has three more social and metaverse games, they are Frenslands, Altzone, and Phi.
Frenslands RTS
Introduction
Frenslands is Starknet's decentralized real-time strategy game, where players can harvest resources and build their own dream community, incubated by StarkNet game incubator MatchboxDAO.
Altzone is a metaverse like Cryptosvoxels
Altzone is the first metaverse game on StarkNet, similar to Cryptovoxels on Ethereum.
Progress
Beta testing is currently closed, The loading time is very long, about 3-6 minutes, just follow the instructions to connect the wallet. At present, the official has not given too many game guidelines, but some group activities will be held in the game, which deserves continuous attention.
Phi Chain Metaverse
Introduction
Phi is a metaverse project based on the ENS domain and on-chain activities. You can refer to Decentraland, Cryptovoxels, and Sandbox on Ethereum. Phi's mission is to visualize on-chain identities and create an open and inclusive metaverse terrestrial system based on on-chain information (ENS, on-chain activities).
The difference between Phi and other Metaverse projects is that in Sandbox, Decentraland and other games, small players cannot create or participate, which makes the "Metaverse" Become a small place that is not scalable or inclusive; while Phi can be expanded infinitely due to its full-chain attributes. And Phi hopes that everyone who owns an ENS or some kind of on-chain activity should be granted virtual land and be able to build on it, populating them with objects representing on-chain activity (e.g. achievements, status, community).
Phi is integrating many well-known Crypto projects into it, such as Uniswap in the picture below.
Last Words
As the leader of zkVM, StarkNet's high-performance technical features lay the foundation for the development of on-chain full-chain games Base. Full-chain games are different from GameFi, which only puts assets on the chain. Full-chain game state storage and logic execution are completely on the chain, and it has the advantages of decentralization, license-free, combinable, and interoperable. The concept of "will gradually disappear, and it will allow full-chain games, DeFi, NFT, and any DApp that may emerge in the future to interoperate with full-chain games, allowing users to have a richer and customized product experience. More entrepreneurial opportunities for developers.
In terms of infrastructure, projects such as MatchBox, Cartridge, Briq, Aspect, and Mint Squeare have prepared trading markets and application stores for StarkNet players, and provided StarkNet players with Chain game developers have prepared a wealth of development tools.
In terms of full-chain games, existing full-chain games such as Isaac, Lootrealms, Influence, and Imperium War are constantly optimizing and developing new gameplays. With the continuous optimization of the infrastructure, more and more new full-chain games are emerging, which will also bring more and more rich gaming experience to players on StarkNet.
If we turn our attention from the full-chain games on StarkNet to the traditional game industry, we will find that it is almost impossible for traditional game companies to accept permissionless participation, programmable compatibility, composability, and Token asset innovation. But this is exactly the opportunity for full chain games on StarkNet. The full-chain game can also be called DeGame to some extent. It will definitely change the game industry, break the existing industrial relationship and business logic, and upgrade the development model and user experience—just as DeFi has changed the financial industry.
We need to reimagine the future of gaming.
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