What is phase 0 of ethereum 2.0?

By ethereum blog- Carl Beekhuizen
Block beat BlockBeats-HQ

Thanks Danny and Joe for their review and comments.

As the beacon chain rolls out closer and closer, and eth2 enters the countdown, it's time for the community to quickly synchronize with eth2's internal work, the specific requirements, incentives, and experiences that make it a validator node.

This article provides an in-depth overview of eth2, which forms the basis for a series of articles on eth2 and the verifier node. Eth2 has been in development for a long time and has made significant progress over the past few years. What began as separate sharding and proof of interest (PoS) through smart contract management has been transformed into a highly interconnected network design with significant improvements in efficiency, scalability, and security.

The beacon chain is the core chain of the new ethereum, ethereum 2.0. One of the functions of this chain is to allow the verifier to participate in the pledge system and replace the miner as the builder of the chain. Another function is to store the index of shard status.

Ethereum stages

As the parts of eth2 became more and more interconnected, the other parts were divided into phases to better streamline the different parts of eth2. At the time of this writing, Phase 0 is coming as developers put the finishing touches on the client software. Meanwhile, Phase 1 (Phase 1) specification is also being completed, and Phase 2 (Phase 2) is being actively researched and developed.

, & have spent & have spent & have spent Phase 0 involves the beacon chain, which is at the heart of eth2 and manages coordination between the verifier node and the shard. The beacon chain is the source of the real data, from which all other aspects of eth2 come.
, & have spent & have spent & have spent Phase 1 is based on this, putting the data into the shard. This component is much less complex to implement than the others, because Phase 0 provides most of the infrastructure for sharding networks.
, & have spent & have spent & have spent Phase 2 adds execution to eth2, essentially upgrading eth2 from a robust database to a fully decentralized computing platform.

What exactly is Phase 0?

As mentioned earlier, the beacon chain tracks the state of the verifier node set and shard. In practice, this means that if you keep track of what is happening on the beacon chain (periodically), you will know enough to verify anything presented on eth2. Trust, but need to be verified.

In order for the PoS system to work, agreement needs to be reached on who the witness nodes are and how much their collateral is so that the value of their votes can be known and appropriate rewards and/or penalties can be given for their actions. The beacon chain also manages the eth2 shards by assigning the responsibility of the verifier node in the shard and by tracking the current state of each shard.

Part of what distinguishes eth2 from other PoS systems is the absolute number of verifier nodes in the network that can participate in the protocol. Compared to the 10, 100, and 1000 participants that might exist in other systems, eth2 can scale to hundreds of thousands or even millions of verifier nodes. This degree of decentralization is possible only if the panel of validators, known as the commission, reaches an intermediate level of consensus. The beacon chain USES a random beacon with the same name as its core and assigns the verifier node to the committee responsible for evaluating whether the beacon chain and sharding chain are part of the network. The votes of the committee are then encrypted into a single attestation, meaning that verifying the votes of the whole committee requires only a little more than checking a single vote. Therefore, to check the validity of the beacon chain, only a few aggregate signatures are needed to evaluate the votes of multiple verifier nodes.

Note: attestation is the hash value confirmed and signed by the verifier, which records the status of a specific slice in real time.

The beacon chain can also track the eth1 chain and its assets so that the new verifier node can join the eth2 network by sending 32 ethereum to the asset contract on eth1. As a result of the beacon chain voting on the eth1 chain, eth2 will at some point in the future enhance the security of the eth1 network by providing an economic guarantee that is part of the canonical eth1 chain.

Node vs. client

Eth2 distinguishes between the beacon node and the verifier node client, and the verifier node will need both to perform their duties. Beacon nodes (or just nodes) are concerned with maintaining a view of the beacon chain and any sharded network that the user or verifier node may need.

As the name implies, the verifier node client (or just the client) is responsible for handling the running logic of a single verifier node. This can be achieved by communicating with the beacon node to obtain the current state on the chain, or, where appropriate, by proving and proposing blocks, and finally by asking the beacon node to send this information to its peer.

If you are not running the verifier node, the beacon node contains all the information needed to interact with eth2 without trust, much like the full nodes in the eth1 network.

Here are some of the arguments for "node, client" separation:

Each verifier node needs to be started with exactly 32 ethereum collateral, so people who want more ethes will need to run multiple verifier nodes. The separation of "node and client" allows users to run only one beacon node with multiple verifier nodes, reducing the need for computation, memory, and storage.
With validator nodes as separate modules, they may be more secure because they are easier to write, reason about, and audit smaller code modules.
For users who are particularly concerned about redundancy, they can reduce the probability that the validator node is offline by running multiple nodes in parallel.
Since the verifier node client can only interact with the rest of the eth2 network through the beacon node, the number of compromised faces of the verifier node is greatly reduced even through the restricted API.
For users who want to interact with the eth2 network, but do not want to be a validator node, they only need to operate a beacon node that grants them access to the beacon chain and the required sharded network.

Design concept

The eth2 design philosophy provides a useful basis for all decisions in the eth2 network and, in many cases, Outlines the differences between eth2 and other protocols.

, & have spent & have spent & have spent Everything in the agreement:Recognize that everything is a trade-off, and that protocol security and activity take precedence over other design requirements.

, & have spent & have spent & have spent Hope for the best, but for the worst The eth2 network assumes that the validator nodes will be lazy, take bribes, and they will try to attack the system unless they are incentivized to give up. Furthermore, assuming that the network is not completely reliable, catastrophic events can force a large number of verifier nodes offline. For these reasons, the eth2 network should survive world war iii.

, & have spent & have spent & have spent Minimal feasible complexity :Simplify the Eth2 network as much as possible because it makes the network easier to reason about, explain to others, be audited, program bug-free clients, and generally avoid extreme situations.

, & have spent & have spent & have spent Maximize decentralization :The eth2 network is designed to scale to millions of verifier nodes and encourage these verifier nodes to work independently of each other.

·   Predict things you didn't predict All components of the eth2 network are anti-quantum, or can be substituted for the state when the quantum apocalypse comes

, & have spent & have spent & have spent Born in the hands of men, to serve them. :The eth2 network must be able to run on the average consumer's laptop. The lower the barriers to entry, the more people participate, which means the higher the degree of decentralization.

Note: quantum computer is a kind of physical device that carries out high-speed mathematical and logical operation, stores and processes quantum information in accordance with the laws of quantum mechanics. The concept of a quantum computer originated from the study of reversible computers in order to solve the problem of energy consumption in computers. The characteristics of quantum computer include fast operation speed, strong processing ability and wide application range. According to the MIT technology review report, quantum computing force can attack the block chain encryption algorithm, threatening the security of the whole block chain world.

At the end

Now that you have the basics of the eth2 network, the next article in this series will discuss some interesting details that make the eth2 network work.

The original:https://blog.ethereum.org/2019/11/27/Validated-Staking-on-eth2-0/?ref=tokendaily

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