Reflections one month after EDCON 2023 in Montenegro: A forward-looking view on infrastructure and application trends.
Source: Jessica Shen, Mint Ventures
In 2013, Vitalik Buterin wrote the Ethereum white paper. Ten years later, in 2023, the EDCON (Community Ethereum Development Conference) was held in Podgorica, the capital of Montenegro. There were no grand celebrations or formalities at the event. What the author felt was that developers from around the world were working to solve the "impossible triangle" of blockchain, improving decentralization, privacy protection, and scalability in their respective fields, seeking to exchange ideas, resources, and collaborate for mutual benefit.
Although there were no new "wealth passwords" or innovative ideas proposed at the conference, which made it seem like the Ethereum roadmap was old news, I deeply felt the gradual impact of the current AI revolution on blockchain. The significance of the annual EDCON is to allow ecological developers to once again clarify the direction aimed at by the Ethereum roadmap, review the progress of planned implementation on a regular basis, sort out the urgent problems that need to be solved, and discuss how to break through the "boundaries" of technology in their respective fields, such as how to achieve better privacy protection, scalability, provide higher security and stability, and how to create a better user experience (UX) and user security (US) for future application explosions. Participants exchange innovative points of view and stand at a global perspective to understand the significance of various technological and cultural changes for the future of Ethereum.
The author participated in the EDCON2023 conference and a series of Side Events during the Black Mountain period, including the Community Day theme sharing, Super Demo exhibition, World Supercomputer Summit 2023, DAO Black Mountain Conference, Antalpha Labs' Account Abstraction HackerHouse, and other activities. In the limited time in Black Mountain, there were also activities that the author wanted to participate in but could not attend, such as the ZK Community Breakfast and Zuzalu event. To make up for these regrets, the author interviewed friends who participated in these activities to understand their gains and feelings, and summarized their own and peers' gains into an article to share with everyone.
收获概要
translates to
Summary of Gains
in English.- The topic of EDCON2023 revolves around how infrastructure can overcome the Scalability Trilemma of privacy, scalability, and decentralization. Currently, the ZK, account abstraction, and L2 technologies are in a mature stage, and the progress of infrastructure provides a breeding ground for application innovation.
- Zero knowledge proof technology is widely discussed, including zkEVM, ZKML (Zero Knowledge Machine Learning), and the composability opportunities of ZK technology in various scenarios (Programmable Cryptography).
- There is a lot of discussion about On-chain Gaming, account abstraction, and LSD, but innovation is still awaited at the application layer.
- ZKML is on the eve of an outbreak, and AI empowered by ZK technology may inject new vitality into the blockchain. The ZKML open source community is worth looking forward to.
- Account Abstraction is a "flat, hot, and crowded" track in the encryption industry, and capturing its value is a challenge.
Vitalik Buterin spoke at the EDCON2023 conference, source: UZMANCOIN.COM
EDCON2023 Important Topics
The main topic of EDCON2023 revolves around solving the blockchain trilemma - Privacy, Scalability, and Decentralization. The Scalability Trilemma, proposed by Vitalik Buterin a few years ago, has provided a clear direction for the technical development of Ethereum. In the past decade, there have been continuous updates and improvements in the infrastructure layer of Ethereum, and innovations in the application layer have also emerged. However, we still have a long way to go to achieve the beautiful vision, and each area of the "impossible triangle" requires more breakthroughs.
The Scalability Trilemma, image source: https://vitalik.ca/general/2021/04/07/sharding.html.
The author has summarized their own gains in the industry track and trends, divided into the infrastructure level and the application level. In the infrastructure field, the progress of Zero Knowledge Proof (ZKP) and Layer 2 (L2) networks has received the most attention from speakers and attendees, and is also one of the most discussed topics. The main topics in the development of DApp applications are around On-Chain Gaming, Account Abstraction (AA), and Liquidity Staking Derivatives (LSD) tracks.
It is worth mentioning that in the ZKP field, the author feels that the discussions at EDCON2023 and surrounding conferences are showing many "ZK+" combinable trends. Zero-knowledge proofs, as a means of privacy protection and scalability, are being attempted to be applied to multiple fields on and off the chain. Cryptography is usually customized, but the demand for more emphasis on generality (General-purpose) "Programmable Cryptography" has been discussed multiple times. In the application field, developers are more concerned about user experience (UX) and user security (US). Account abstraction improves UX and accelerates blockchain "Mass Adoption", which seems to have become a prerequisite for application innovation discussions and is also a link that infrastructure developers and application developers are working together to achieve.
The development of things follows the law of "the spiral rise of infrastructure and application fields". EDCON2023 reviewed the current development status and trends of various fields in the Ethereum ecosystem. While developers are promoting infrastructure upgrades, they are also waiting for the moment of application explosion.
1. Infrastructure
At the infrastructure level, ZK technology's applications in blockchain and off-chain fields, including zkEVM (Layer 2 scaling solution), ZKML (Zero Knowledge Machine Learning), and Programmable Cryptography, are undoubtedly high-frequency topics of this Black Mountain event and a series of peripheral activities. In Vitalik Buterin's presentation, he mentioned that "ZK-SNARKs are going to be as important as blockchains in the next 10 years," which has also become an important focus of attention.
Vitalik Buterin gave a speech at EDCON2023 with a PPT presentation, source: https://foresightnews.pro/article/detail/33488
1.1 zkEVM will continue to be highly competitive with the influx of new players
By the first half of 2023, we have seen many zkEVM projects go live on the mainnet, including Polygon zkEVM, zkSync Era, and Starknet. In the second half of 2023 and into 2024, the industry may witness the launch of many more zkEVM projects on the mainnet, including Scroll, Linea, and Taiko. Currently, these three projects are in the testing phase, collecting feedback from developers and others. All of the aforementioned zkEVM projects have had high exposure and participation at the EDCON2023 conference, appearing multiple times in speeches by Vitalik Buterin and other guests, including some emerging projects. The developers of zkEVM are passionate about their work and have shared recent progress and future goals with conference attendees, expressing their expectations for technological progress and product updates. The industry's healthy competition is evident. In the next 1-2 years, we will see the second-layer network of zkEVM continue to stand at the center of the Ethereum ecosystem.
Polygon zkEVM's Technical Lead, Jordi Baylina, shared the latest developments of the Polygon zkEVM project at the conference, including improvements to the Polynomial Identity Language 2 (PIL2), the implementation of a data compression solution to address data availability, and reiterated the support for account abstraction through ERC-4337. He also shared his thoughts on the landscape of blockchain Layer 2 solutions. I noticed that Jordi mentioned various data compression solutions used by Polygon zkEVM and the formal approval of EIP-4844, which will further reduce costs and greatly improve data availability on Polygon. According to Jordi, we will see more Layer 2 networks in the future, and the composability between L2 solutions in the Polygon ecosystem will be achieved through Proof Aggregation. Proof Aggregation will help generate a single proof for all L2 chains in the Polygon system, increasing the composability between L2 chains.
Kakarot, a zkEVM project, also gained a lot of attention during and after the conference. Kakarot is a zkEVM project built on Starknet using the Cairo language. Recently, it announced its financing news, which attracted attention because Vitalik Buterin is one of the investors, and Starknet co-founders and Starkware officials also participated in the investment. Kakarot co-founder Elias Tazartes gave a public speech at the EDCON2023 conference, showcasing Kakarot's mission and vision to the world. Vitalik Buterin also mentioned the Kakarot project in his speech. The highlight of the project is that it provides an EVM environment for Cairo-based Starknet, allowing Solidity developers to deploy applications directly to Starknet through Kakarot without having to program again in Cairo language. In other words, Kakarot has created an EVM-compatible platform on Starknet. This way, many excellent EVM projects can be quickly deployed to Starknet, reducing the time and effort developers need to maintain Cairo and Solidity code libraries. Although Kakarot sounds like it can become a Layer 3 on Starknet, the team will first focus on the Rollup-as-a-Service service in Q4 2023. In an interview with Blockbeats, Elias said that the competition in the Layer 2 arena will become more intense in the future. As a zkEVM platform, Kakarot will actively cooperate with Starknet, Polygon, Linea, and others, and welcomes Solidity and Cairo language developers from China to join forces in this field.
1.2 Programmable Cryptography's requirements are re-validated
除了 zkEVM 之外，ZK 技术在越来越多的场景被使用，对于 Programmable Cryptography 的需求呼之欲出。Programmable Cryptography 是由 0xPARC 正式公开提出。随着 zk-SNARK 和其他密码学工具的出现和更新，更加通用的密码学帮助更多开发者快速实现应用的加密（如在数字身份、声誉等方面），而不用从头学习和开发密码学相关的隐私保护技术。有了更加 Programmable 的密码学开发工具，隐私加密将有可能被更大规模应用到区块链应用以及链下的计算和模型中。在 Jason Morton 的「What Is Unlocked by Practical Zero-Knowledge Proofs?」演讲中，他也提到了「ZKP is becoming more programmable」(ZKP 技术正在变得越来越具有可编程性）。在关于零知识证明的嘉宾圆桌论坛上（ZK Panel），Programmable Cryptography 也被 Vitalik Buterin 等嘉宾多次提起，对这种更加通用（General-Purpose）的密码学应用非常期待。
Barry Whitehat spoke at EDCON2023, source: https://twitter.com/search?q=programmable%20cryptography&src=typed_query
EDCON2023 ZK Panel roundtable discussion, source: https://twitter.com/madhavanmalolan/status/1660269927671156736
1.3 ZKML is in its early stages of development but has huge potential
ZKML is the combination of Zero Knowledge Proof (ZKP) and Machine Learning (ML). As we all know, there are trust issues with ML models in many aspects, such as the confidentiality or openness of input and output information data, algorithms, and model parameters. When trust issues exist, obstacles will arise for ML models to achieve larger-scale applications. For example, when using personal information of users as raw data for training, there is a need for encryption of personal information; model parameters are usually the core competitive advantage of the development team and need to be encrypted to maintain a competitive barrier. Zero knowledge proof technology can provide proof for many things other than smart contracts, especially in the current widespread application of machine learning. ZKP can provide proof for an AI model with millions of parameters, thereby improving security and privacy protection and helping to solve various trust challenges of machine learning models. In addition, ML models require a lot of computation. When ML models are integrated into chain applications, ZK-SNARK can generate proof to alleviate the computational power demand problem of ML, and more efficiently introduce AI into chain applications. As artificial intelligence and machine learning continue to disrupt our lives this year, ZKML is becoming more and more well-known and recognized.
At EDCON2023 and many other blockchain conferences this year, we can feel that many blockchain developers have already joined the field of ZKML (readers who need to learn about this concept can refer to WorldCoin's article on ZKML). As early as the second half of 2022, WorldCoin and some teams in the ZKML field created the ZKML community, and introduced the concept, advantages, and future prospects of ZKML to people in public occasions such as ETH Denver in 2023. At the first World Supercomputer Summit 2023 held in Montenegro, most of the keynote speakers were doing business related to ZKML. Cathie So (@drCathieSo_eth), a core member of PSE, introduced AIGC NFT EIP-7007, describing the innovative sparks that may be generated by combining ZK and ML to the audience, and further envisioned how the World Super Computer Architecture will empower the implementation of ZKML. The PSE team is committed to better integrating ZKP technology and the Ethereum ecosystem, and actively participates in the research and projects of ZKML. In addition, Hyper Oracle (zkOracle project on Ethereum), Poseidon ZKP (ZK aggregation proof infrastructure), Modulus Labs (on-chain AI project development team), and WorldCoin's DCBuilder were all keynote speakers at the first WSC conference. Among them, Modulus Labs, as a pioneer in the field of ZKML, has conducted many experiments in the application of ZKML, including DeFi's Rockerfeller Bot (the first all-chain AI trading robot), GameFi's Leela vs the World (the first all-chain AI game), and NFT projects. At EDCON2023, as a developer in the field of ZKML, Jason Morton shared that he has seen the FLOPS (Floating-point Operations Per Second) of ZKP increase rapidly in the past few years, but the number of proofs per chain transaction is still at the level of tens of thousands. He expects that this will be broken through in the next three years when the proof per chain transaction speed increases to the level of billions. He envisioned the application scenarios of ZK combined with blockchain in the fields of on-chain games, supply chain, and payment transactions when the proof per chain transaction speed further increases to the level of billions.
Many guests have mentioned in their sharing that ZKML is still in the early stage of development. As one of the pioneers in the ZKML field, WorldCoin has recently established the ZKML community, which has attracted many developers and peers in the field. As more and more products are led by AI and more innovation comes from the updates of AI and ML, ZK can be used as a means of privacy protection and accelerated computing, further empowering the society driven by AI. Although this demand is not very obvious at present, if we have already foreseen a world where AI is ubiquitous, the improvement of model and information encryption and computing speed will be the rigid demand of the future. There are more and more programming tools in the market that can help developers create ZK proofs for AI models without learning all the cryptographic skills about ZKP, which will open up a huge market for more ZKP DApps. The significance of blockchain to AI or ML will also be multi-level. The blockchain itself can provide immutable and decentralized on-chain records, and cryptocurrency itself can become a borderless currency system for the coexistence of AI and humans in the future world.
[Note]: FLOPS, Floating-point operations per second, also known as peak speed per second, is the number of floating-point operations executed per second, commonly used to measure computer processing speed or estimate computer performance.
2. Application of DApp
At the EDCON2023 conference, we heard more about the exchange and discussion of underlying technologies, and less about discussions on DApp applications. The majority of the content focused on on-chain games, account abstraction, and the LSD track.
2.1 On-Chain Gaming Presents AI Trends
For applications, people still have high expectations for On-Chain Gaming. At the conference, when zkEVM blockchain projects were asked about which on-chain applications have potential, the majority answered On-Chain Gaming. Danilo Kim shared his experience of living in Zuzalu at the conference and mentioned the on-chain AI game projects Zuland and Zuzuland that were born during his time there. At Zuzalu and EDCON2023, Small Brain Games' AI-based fully on-chain game Network State also caught people's attention. It is a tabletop role-playing game TRPG inspired by Slobbovia. On-Chain Gaming presents an AI trend.
Currently, the reason why On-chain Gaming has become a prominent topic of discussion in the industry is not because on-chain games have gained traffic, but rather because the market lacks new narratives. After the DeFi summer, the horizontal competition and vertical business expansion among DEXs have made the head effect more apparent. However, the head DeFi protocols have not created new hotspots for public chains. To lead the explosion of traffic, we cannot simply follow the old path. The NFT boom happened on Ethereum, but even Ethereum's NFTs lacked innovative power during the bear market. NFTs that simply tell IP stories require a lot of operational energy and time, while NFTs with more GameFi elements and metaverse narratives require time to develop products. NFTs with utility types and membership types require the entry of a large number of traditional enterprises, and a large-scale outbreak also requires early user education and the long-term conception and operation of traditional brands' own technical teams. The On-chain Gaming track has gained more expectations naturally due to the addition of more AI/ML elements this year, which has increased the flexibility and richness of on-chain games. For example, ZKML has brought Autonomous NPC or AI God roles, bringing some new inspiration to on-chain games, and ZK is also a hot topic. However, no matter which application track it is, leading the narrative and bringing in a large amount of traffic during the bear market faces more challenges. Therefore, when it comes to discussing applications, the answer is always anticipation, but there is no very clear direction.
2.2 Account Abstraction: Fierce Competition and Challenges in Value Capture
The concept of Account Abstraction (AA) has been around since the birth of Ethereum, and in recent years, there has been progress at the protocol standard level, especially with the official deployment of ERC-4337 in March 2023, which has once again attracted attention from the industry, with high enthusiasm for entrepreneurship and investment. However, the current situation is that the account abstraction track is already quite crowded, with fierce competition among participants facing challenges in value capture and business models.
During EDCON2023, Antalpha Labs hosted a HackerHouse event focused on the topic of account abstraction, inviting developers, investors, and researchers in the field of account abstraction to share their insights and interact, including Compass DAO, Candide Wallet, Account Labs (Unipass and Keystone merged), as well as L2 Mantle Network, Compass DAO, and Mirana Ventures research team that support account abstraction. The week-long HackerHouse event, which I attended multiple times to listen to the guests' sharing, was very rewarding and gave me a deeper understanding of the current development status of the field. I also want to thank Antalpha Labs for hosting the HackerHouse event and opening it to the public, allowing participants to learn from each other in a relaxed and friendly environment.
Account Abstraction HackerHouse by Antalpha Labs，source: https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/kYMkw1lhP0ywp6e35NRqvw
At present, many wallet projects, underlying public chains, and emerging entrepreneurial teams are working hard to implement and land account abstraction-related businesses. During the Black Mountain period, the author participated in the Community Day event of EDCON2023 and the Account Abstraction HackerHouse hosted by Antalpha Labs. After listening to the sharing of various account abstraction track projects, I felt that the account abstraction track was "flat, hot, and crowded". "Flat" is because there is not much difference in the technical level and functionality of account abstraction SDK and wallet project, and there is no obvious leading team or product in the track; "hot" is because investors and entrepreneurs have a high enthusiasm for account abstraction wallet projects in recent years, and various conferences and peripheral activities can feel that account abstraction is the trend, and more and more smart contracts will naturally adopt AA SDK for development, and the built-in wallet will support account abstraction function, and the public chain level will also be more inclined to directly support account abstraction (such as Starknet, zkSync, etc.); "crowded" is because there are many participants in the track, which also leads to the competition in the track becoming extremely fierce.
SevenX on the project information of the account abstraction track, source: https://foresightnews.pro/article/detail/23205
Multiple wallet teams within the industry have already developed excellent products, and in terms of technology and development progress, there is no project that is far ahead and difficult to catch up with in the industry. Various competitors are almost keeping pace with each other. In terms of SDK for account abstraction, there are already multiple SDK providers, such as Gnosis Safe, Biconomy, Alchemy, Web3Auth, Etherspot, and other teams. In recent years, almost all wallet projects have been developed based on the ERC-4337 protocol and pay more attention to the B2B2C business model, as well as the experience of B-side application developers and C-side users. In terms of functionality, social recovery, anti-censorship, non-mnemonic, privacy protection, and multi-chain are almost essential options. In addition to SDK providers, wallet projects have also made many attempts and efforts in exploring more applications of account abstraction. The logic behind this is that when account abstraction is more widely applied and implemented in smart contracts, capturing the smart contracts (B-side) with large traffic of C-side can enable the wallet itself to realize value capture. This is also the reason why the wallet industry has to vertically expand its business in the B2B2C business model. In addition to creating scenarios, some wallet projects are also working hard to build infrastructure, including developing SDKs, etc., to attract customers. However, in the value capture link, many SDKs are public goods, which makes it difficult to help SDK projects capture value. Wallet-as-a-Service charging by usage also makes it difficult to improve business scalability. MEV income also faces competition, and many leading wallet projects are exploring more possibilities in the value capture link.
With the official deployment of ERC-4337, account abstraction has gradually landed in applications. Protocol implementation is an important aspect of improving on-chain UX and US, and it will be an important tool for bringing about mass adoption. Currently, there is fierce competition in the account abstraction field, with SDKs and scenario application terminals exploring how to open up more users. The B2B2C business model of wallets is gradually taking shape, but effective economic value capture methods in the industry chain are still being explored.
2.3 LSD's long-term investment in the racetrack has certainty
If On-chain Gaming is the most discussed application among Ethereum developers in formal public occasions, then LSD and LSD-Fi are the topics that the author hears more about in post-conference discussions. The speakers have discussed "decentralized nodes" many times, and how to strengthen the decentralization level and stability and security of POS are the technical points that developers continue to explore. In the process of communicating with the participating investors, cryptocurrency funds have shown confidence in the LSD track, perhaps because during the bear market period, the LSD track centered around the POS mechanism is a field with relatively higher certainty and stability after many bubbles have faded away. Readers can read Mint Ventures' recent research report on the LSD track for more information on LSD research.
pSTAKE project overview: Binance-backed LSD mid-tier project
Conference Experience
1. ZKML is on the verge of an outbreak, and more machine learning applications will adopt ZK encryption in the future.
This year, we have seen more and more AI-driven products disrupting our previous ways of life and work. Machine learning (ML), as an important subset of AI, has been applied in many off-chain scenarios. However, exploring ML on-chain poses challenges such as computational cost and speed, model trust, and privacy protection. ZK encryption can enable ML models to generate proofs for the models off-chain, empowering smart contracts on-chain and making them more intelligent and flexible. When ML enters the application on the blockchain, the industry gains more imagination.
In recent years, ZK technology has matured in both software and hardware, and can be used to solve a series of computational problems, trust issues, and privacy protection issues that existed in previous machine learning (ML) models. ZKML is also one of the areas that Sam Altman's cryptocurrency project WorldCoin is working hard to promote and develop. WorldCoin, along with numerous research teams and projects in this field, has jointly established the ZKML community to research and promote the technology and applications of ZKML.
SevenX 对于 ZKML 生态体系的整理，来源：https://appliedzkp.org/
Translation:
Some of the current ZKML applications are still in the early stages of development. As mentioned earlier, there are on-chain AI trading robots, on-chain AI games, and the use of off-chain ML models to suggest DeFi protocol parameters. The project being built by WorldCoin is similar to zk-DID, using ZKML to ensure the privacy of biometric information and supporting the future upgradability of Iris Code. It is expected that we will see more machine learning models entering the blockchain field in the future, and ZK technology will make this "future" arrive faster.
In addition, the author has excerpted a page from Modulus Labs founder Daniel's PPT at the WSC conference, "(The application of ZKML is) when AI is an excellent tool, but there are 'trust' difficulties." The author believes that this is the underlying logic of the combination of ZK technology and AL/ML. As the concepts of AI and ZKML become increasingly popular, we will see various pseudo ZKML projects, but grasping the underlying logic and meaning of the combination of the two can avoid getting lost in hype and bubbles.
Modulus Labs presentation at World Supercomputer Summit 2023, source: ttps://drive.google.com/file/d/1KJ6csWNpwBPoy8DeJtW_2mY2Ii8h46yK/view
2. Account Abstraction Track "Flat, Hot, and Crowded"
As mentioned earlier, the concept of account abstraction has gradually begun to be applied in the EDCON2023 conference, post-conference interviews, and daily work exchanges. There are many participants in this field, and many wallet projects hope to lay out the entire industry chain in order to better connect the B2B2C business model. However, the more profound challenge facing this field is the establishment of a value capture system. As mentioned earlier, fierce competition will turn the account abstraction SDK into a public good, making it difficult for B-side businesses in smart contracts to scale and compete. The end-user C-side traffic of wallets is still controlled by DApps, which poses a value capture challenge for many account abstraction wallet projects. However, for users, Ethereum will continue to promote the larger-scale and deeper application of ERC-4337, bringing better UX and US to users. I believe that in the next cycle, account abstraction will no longer be a concept, but a seamless and wonderful experience in a high-traffic application, which is worth looking forward to.
3. Public Goods plays an important role in the blockchain industry
During the peripheral activities of EDCON2023, Buidler DAO, SeeDAO, and Mask Network jointly held the DAO Black Mountain Conference, which included discussions on public goods. Scott Moore, the founder of Gitcoin, also discussed public goods at the conference, emphasizing the importance of "coordination" in helping blockchain protocols solve current social network problems. (Gitcoin, as an open-source project funding platform, aims to build and fund digital public goods.) During the conference, the author happened to discuss the topic of public goods with Shumo, the founder of Manta Network and Poseidon ZKP. "The ultimate goal of blockchain infrastructure is public goods," said Shumo. The author's understanding is that blockchain infrastructure is similar to "quasi-public goods" such as roads, with limited non-competitiveness and limited exclusivity, and should be used more widely by society as a tool to improve financial systems, lifestyles, and work efficiency. The infrastructure code in the industry is usually open-source, due to the blockchain open-source culture and atmosphere, as well as the later Web3.0 concept of equality and win-win spirit. This makes it difficult for infrastructure projects to become exclusive, as there will always be new open-source projects that bring free positive externalities to the industry.
When communicating with other attendees, the author can feel that many Ethereum developers have little utilitarianism in their original intentions, and their starting point is usually to solve a certain problem or pain point in the Ethereum ecosystem. The products or projects developed are usually open source for everyone to use and improve. The underlying infrastructure of the blockchain is mostly open source public goods, which is also one of the reasons why the cryptocurrency and blockchain industry can iterate quickly.
Gitcoin founder Scott Moore's speech at EDCON2023, source: https://www.youtube.com/watchv=PHLP_T42840&list=PLe3T1ZflXe4GsxOvHAktPweug0qoBBtKz&index=3
Summary
PSE Foundation's Andy Guzman mentioned in his speech "Harnessing ZK and Existing Infrastructure for Ethereum's Mass Adoption" that the current stage is the period of technical maturity of ZK, account abstraction, and L2. The power of the convergence of these three will enhance Ethereum's User Experience (UX) and User Security (US). According to his depiction of the future, we can imagine that on a faster, safer, and more stable Layer 2, ZK encryption technology will empower AI/ML to bring more flexible DApp applications, while account abstraction will better help new users enter the cryptocurrency field. Users will have a more secure, convenient, and low-cost account experience and interaction experience. EDCON2023 brings together developers and industry peers from around the world to review the current development and status of Ethereum, exchange the latest trends in the industry, and collide with ideas to generate innovative ideas.
Andy Guzman's speech at EDCON2023
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