Looking for the next three-year theme of Ethereum at Devcon6: Govern by doing nothing, divide for a long time and unite
Devcon 6, the Ethereum developer conference, will be held in Bogotá, Colombia, from October 11-14, 2022 (UTC-5). Hosted by the Ethereum Foundation, this conference aims to deepen the community's understanding of decentralized systems by providing education to the Web3 community, while spreading decentralized protocols, tools, and culture to all corners of the world.
Devcon 6 conference invited a number of core developer team members including Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin, Ethereum Developers of major projects and industry researchers will participate, and discuss the highlights of the Ethereum ecology through Talks, Workshops, etc., so as to push Ethereum beyond the present and into the future.
BlockBeats will follow up and report on this conference and invite Smrti Lab's Co-Founder 0x992 and HogwartsLabs CEO Chess , as BlockBeats invited industry consultants, brought us the latest front-line information. Of course, we also welcome all industry professionals participating in the Devcon 6 conference to express your feelings and interact with us.
Two days before Devcon 6, the participants talked about the latest breakthroughs in Ethereum from technical research to application design and other fields . Among them, in-depth discussions were conducted on Layer2, the next stage of development after the merger of Ethereum, games/metaverse, and Web3 applications. BlockBeats will work with 0x992 and Chess to bring you the specific details on the spot. Discuss content.
On the first day, @AyaMiyagotchi, director of education at the Ethereum Foundation, emphasized the idea of "Subtraction", which is also a guideline for the operation of the Foundation key principles. Subtraction will be more conducive to seizing opportunities and establishing internally driven thinking, and it will be especially important to the decentralization of Ethereum.
“The first time I listened to the Foundation’s “Subtraction Philosophy” offline, I also felt quite different, a kind of inaction And the feeling of governance. "Chess told us, "In addition, the encryption market in South America is still very early. At present, it is mainly to build some infrastructure (such as some past projects Brave browser, Lens and other underlying social protocols, etc.), and some upper-level applications have not yet run. come out, so the foundation's approach is also in line with the local situation here."
"Indeed, at the same time from another angle , the Ethereum Foundation generally considers things three years later, relying on its core advantages: the diversity of geographical distribution, the diversity of developers and the diversity of users, and then build a more diverse and more resilient blockchain network,” 0x992 added.
“In general, the Foundation values Three points: one is Proto-danksharding in the future, mainly to reduce gas fees; one is to build a richer Multi-layered; the other is Account subtraction, there is only one wallet on different chains, and they all share the same ID. It’s a bit like long-term cooperation.”
As for the foundation, in Devcon 6 also expressed the hope that more users and even amateurs can become Ethereum’s pledge nodes to continuously improve its degree of decentralization.
In addition, it is worth mentioning that, compared with the popularity of DeFi in the last Devcon 5, it has attracted developers and practitioners extensive exchanges. In this Devcon conference, discussions about Layer 2 have become popular and dominated the mainstream.
Layer2
Rollups
V God published Speech.
V God believes that almost all Rollup solutions are still in the "training wheels" stage, which means that rollup at this stage has not yet been realized Trustless, thus preventing network outages by adopting multi-provers system solutions, such as various implementations of zkEVM.
On the other hand, although the implementation of zkEVM is difficult to achieve bug-free for a long time State, but providing a variety of proof system implementations can reduce the probability of network downtime.
ZK-proofs
ZK-proofs (Zero-Knowledge Proofs) are algorithms that use cryptography to allow a prover to irrefutably prove to a verifier that a fact is true. And in the process of proof, there is no need to disclose any additional information except the authenticity of the fact itself stated specifically.
The next day, cryptography professor @secparam chatted about the use cases of ZK-proofs. In general, the two main use cases of ZK are privacy and scalability. The former is reflected in the fact that when users conduct activities on the blockchain, the amount of public data can be minimized; the latter is that ZK-proofs allow Do cheaper intensive computations to create a succinct proof, then publish that proof on-chain.
However, ZK-rollup technology usually does not care about hiding certain information from the verifier, only cares about the proof relative to ZK-proofs The validity of all off-chain transactions. Therefore, the use case of ZK-rollup can mean: generally do not run calculations on Ethereum (because the calculation speed of Ethereum is very slow and the cost is high) but do this work outside the chain (ie on L2); then create a proof, Prove that all transactions were run honestly; then publish this proof on Ethereum.
In addition, in the hacker space of ZK House, many Web3 companies have also launched a privacy alliance Universal Privacy Alliance (UPA), which aims to raise awareness of the need for data privacy. This comes after US sanctions on Tornado Cash, alliance members looking to set up a legal defense fund to support its mission, and Snowden speaking on privacy issues, p0xeidon labs Manta Network, Nym Technologies, SCRT Labs' Secret Network, Orchid, Railgun, Status and Oasis Network are all participating in the consortium.
ZK-EVM
EVM (Ethereum Virtual Machine) is a runtime environment for executing Ethereum transactions, originally defined in the Ethereum Yellow Paper.
There are 5 main types of ZK-EVM:
- Fully equivalent to Ethereum
This does not change any part of the Ethereum system to make it easier to generate proofs, such as does not replace hashes, state trees, tx tree, precompilation, or any other consensus logic, no matter how minor.
- Strive to be fully equivalent to EVM, but not fully equivalent to Ethereum
This kind of "inside" looks exactly like Ethereum, but there are some differences on the outside, especially in terms of data structures such as block structure and state tree. They aim to be fully compatible with existing applications, but with minor modifications to Ethereum to make development easier and generate proofs faster.
Equivalent to EVM, except for gas cost
This type will greatly increase the gas cost of specific operations in the EVM that are difficult to ZK prove, which may involve precompilation, KECCAK opcodes, and possibly specific model.
Almost equivalent to EVM
This class requires some sacrifices in exact equivalence in order to further improve prover time and make the EVM easier to develop.
High Level Language Equivalent
After the merger of Ethereum
EIP-4844
During Devcon6, Proto-danksharding (EIP-4844) has a lot of heat, which is a new sharding design proposed for Ethereum.
The EIP-4844 upgrade will be introduced in the next Ethereum fork upgrade after the merge" proto-danksharding", which is expected to increase the scalability of Layer2 Rollup by as much as 100 times, while paving the way for full sharding. EIP-4844 is expected to start public testing in February next year.
Compared to previous designs, EIP-4844 introduces some simplifications, and it does nothing for the Rollup-centric roadmap Transactions provide more space, but rather data, which the Ethereum protocol itself does not attempt to verify.
Proto-danksharding will allow transactions to carry "blob" instead of calldata, for the network, A blob is smaller and less expensive than the calldata it will replace. However, validating blobs only needs to check whether the blob is available, that is, whether it can be downloaded from the network, and the data space in these blobs is expected to be used by the Layer2 Rollup protocol that supports high-throughput transactions.
Furthermore, the main innovation introduced by Danksharding is the combined fee market: there is no longer a fixed number of shards, each shard There are different blocks and different block proposers. In Danksharding, only one proposer chooses all transactions and all data that goes into that slot.
MEV problem under PoS
(miners) maximum extraction value referred to as MEV, is a means of profiting from it by optimizing the order of transactions during the block construction process, regardless of the bull and bear miners and Searchers (researchers) can profit from MEV activities.
However, due to the control of PGA and miners, MEV, especially some malicious MEV, may erode The availability of the network, which causes problems including: high gas fees, transaction failures and network congestion. Furthermore, the control of transaction orders by miners or seekers also leads to another big problem: transaction censorship.
And these issues are not limited to the Ethereum mainnet, except for previous transactions are already encrypted), other Rollups will also be affected by such malicious MEV tactics as long as they have a sequencer whose transactions are publicly viewable. Since proper ordering is a critical component of network stability, and even more so for Rollups, this remains an area of active research.
ChainSecurity's smart contract auditor @MTorgin discussed the MEV issue after the Ethereum merger After the merger, traditional miners will be divided into two categories: proposers and builders, which is also the concept of PBS (Proposer Builder Separation). Builders will be responsible for creating blocks (ordered transactions will be the payload of N+1 blocks), proposers will be responsible for bidding on blocks without knowing the contents of blocks (blocks with high bids are submitted) .
This pre-confirmed privacy block will provide protection against miners stealing MEV, essentially denying miners ordering blocks permissions for the task. At the same time, this can also reduce transaction censorship, it will be more difficult for proposers to coordinate with builders to prevent victim transactions.
There is a risk of centralization in the developer network. With the introduction of PBS, most miners Turn into proposers holding staked ETH, and only a portion of players who can execute MEV well will become builders. Additionally, MEV is inherently a competitive landscape, and the barriers to entry will be higher after consolidation compared to pure miners.
Game/Metaverse
Dark Forest
Dark forest is a decentralized real-time strategy (RTS) game based on the zero-knowledge proof technology zkSNARKS. It belongs to the space conquest game. Players discover and conquer planets in an infinite, procedurally generated, cryptography-specific universe. It lets players trigger transactions and zkSNARK proofs on-chain with every WASD move in the game.
At Devcon @gubsheep outlines 3 years to build and run the first fully decentralized Lessons from the dark forest of MMORTS, including why ZK matters to games, what are crypto-native games and why we should care, designing behaviors for emerging players, pushing the limits of Ethereum development, and social consensus and legitimacy - why Dark Forest is more like chess than League of Legends.
In addition, 0x992 said that Dark forest also revealed 0xPARC's next encryption game experiment and an on-chain game engine - MUD .
MUD Designed to solve all the challenges of building games on the chain, it is open source and built with composability and interoperability in mind.
At the Devcon Hacking Basement, MUD showed players two of the latest projects built using it: a fully on-chain 3D voxel world and Sky Strife.
This 3D voxel world is like any other crafting-based voxel world that players can explore Procedurally generated landscapes, mine ores, place materials and craft new items, and construct majestic structures, erect monuments, transform the land, and more.
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Sky Strife is a brand new on-chain RTS game where players aim to build an army, defeat opponents, and be the first to escape with loot.
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Web3 App Summit
In addition, blockchain Technology's Large-Scale Web3 Adoption Summit brings together builders, creators and KOLs to discuss how Web3 can create better apps for all.
Tonight at 21:00, BlockBeats will also invite many people in the industry in Bogotá to chat with us about this year's Devcon event online. More exciting content is on BlockBeats Twitter Space:https://twitter.com/i/spaces/1PlJQpBzNqZGE
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