ConsenSys: Where ethereum will go after the merger
The Four Pillars of The Merge To Proof of Stake: How Ethereum Will Evolve
ConsenSys Blog
By Clarissa Watson
0x711, BlockBeats
以太坊转向权益证明 (PoS) 的合并将是其迄今为止最重要的升级，重要性仅次于创世区块。它将向世界展示一个主流的去中心化的系统如何彻底消除碳足迹。合并将会平息以太坊关于工作量证明（POW）共识机制的争议，并将向社会提供一个更有力的信任基础：以太坊，一个效用持续增长的通缩型货币，ultrasound money。因此，以太坊迁移到 PoS 的重要性不容小觑。
ConsenSys has played a fundamental role in the continued evolution of Ethereum since its founding in 2015. ConsenSys Engineering team has been working tirelessly to achieve this merger since the first day of planning "Eth2" :
Key contribution of ConsenSys protocol team & NBSP;
我们相信像以太坊这样的去中心化网络可以帮助社会取得更多成就， 为将 PoS 带到以太坊，我们付出了大量的人力、产品和资源。
As the merger approaches, we hope to restore confidence in the ecosystem by illustrating how Ethereum will be upgraded. These are the four key points of consolidation.
关键点一：多元开放
PoS will makeNetworks engage in democratization and achieve a more equitable distribution of rewards through new incentives, validators, and innovations.
The new incentives are designed to encourage greater participation by single-node validators while requiring larger participants to take responsibility. In order toFor example, the inverse correlation mechanism (anti-correlation mechanism)， 相对于 Coinbase 或 Lido 这样运营数千个节点的大型质押者，该机制对单节点验证者惩罚力度较小。反相关机制贯彻「权利越大，责任重大」的原则， 鼓励大型参与者与客户端多样性等网络目标保持一致。
PoS not onlyReduced resource requirements for validation nodes"And was designed to reward all participants, not just those with the greatest computational power. While there will still be network participants with more nodes and Whale pledges, each node will have an equal chance of winning the prize.
It is also important to remember that while PoS will help diversify Ethereum by introducing new participants, the verifier still has the responsibility to help facilitate this by selecting diverse clientsClient diversity.ConsenSys offers free and open source Ethereum client software,Besu And & have spentTekuWe still want users to be evenly distributed outside of our clients.
likeThe pledge poolSuch innovations lower the participation threshold and allow multiple parties to pool their ETH to meet the minimum pledge threshold of 32 ETH. ConsenSys is & have spentRocket Pool DAO One of 14 organizations in China that support fully decentralized pledge pools.
Upgrading to PoS will make Ethereum more open and diverse.Client, verifier, and Layer 2 Diversity will also be ensuredOne that is healthy and scalableThe network democratizes participation.
Key point two: energy efficiency
Developing a consensual approach to the network would ensure that Ethereum could be built without harming the planetSustainably support the next generation of Web3 creators and developers.
PoS will reduce the energy consumption of each transaction by 99.95%, which is roughly equivalent to the energy consumption of the Netherlands. A single transfer can be as low as streaming an hour of Netflix (234 watts) or brewing a pot of coffee (40 watts). Ethereum will make the world a better place, not hurt it.
PoS upgrades will also happenMake Ethereum more modular. This modularity separates computing execution from the consensus layer, which makes running the network less energy intensive.
In addition, from L2 rollups The increased efficiency of and sharding will reduce the energy consumed by Ethereum by several orders of magnitude.
关键点三：无缝过渡
Developers working on Ethereum need not worry about transition issues, as common apis for the architecture before and after the merger and reuse of existing components such as Ethereum execution client Besu and Geth will be ensuredSeamless transitionAnd guaranteed for developersProvide an uninterrupted experience. This means that existing applications needThe probability of redoing is low to none, but we still recommend that it be fully tested.
The similarity of the PoW and PoS interfaces means that no API changes are required.Engine API Compatibility with existing infrastructure and developer tools from the outset. Leveraging existing components also ensures that there is no need to rewrite smart contracts or DApps or migrate infrastructure. For DApps that rely on random opcodes, some infrastructure may need to be updated. If you are an Ethereum developer and want to start testing your Dapps and infrastructure ahead of time, we encourage you to use the recently launchedUp the test networkTo test.
Increased client choice and flexibilityDevelopers will be allowed to mix and match their needs, such as using a lightweight client in the execution layer and a heavyweight pledge client in the consensus layer.
Moving to PoS also meansMore predictable block times and transaction costs, which will reduce the uncertainty when designing a high-traffic solution with a block time of 12 seconds and a baseline fee determined by IP-1559.
关键点四： Ultra Sound Money
The merger will lead to an updated cryptoeconomic model,Reduce ETH distributionAnd available to end users and the DeFi industryStronger security. The merger would also limit the supply of ETH, making it scarcer and therefore more valuable.
The network economy is dynamic in nature, but it is worth noting that some potential consequences will accompany the migration of PoS. One is the reduction in the number of tokens created for payment to verifiers (A 90% reduction in), and destroying tokens collected as transaction fees rather than passing them on to miners.
Cost of attack chainIt will also increase significantly (10-20 times). Democratic participation ensures that attacks are almost impossible. The cost of attacking Ethereum is 51% of $34 billion, based on the current 350,000 verified nodes (10 million ETH participating in pledge). The deflationary impact of PoS and IP-1559, and the expected increase in pledging ETH after the merger, will continue to raise the cost of such attacks.
More importantly, attacks will become easier to recover from, in part because forfeiture mechanisms will destroy the pledged ETH used for attacks and require further investment to sustain attacks. Soft forks activated by a few users can also be coordinated by the community to destroy attackers' tokens.
A merger is coming
我们希望这四大关键点已经阐明了以太坊将如何升级实现 PoS 迁移，并希望重振您的信心和兴趣。
TL of this paper; DR is as follows:
1. Openness and diversity: All types of participants will have easier access to Ethereum, further decentralization.
2. Energy saving: Several orders of magnitude less computing power is required to run the network, reducing ethereum's carbon footprint by 99.95% per transaction.
3. Seamless transition: Builders currently working on the network do not interrupt, continue to build, continue to deliver, andGo all out to test.
4. Ultra Sound Money: The updated crypto economic model makes Ethereum more secure, scarce, and improves the ultimate certainty of transactions.
ConsenSys believes that decentralized networks like Ethereum will bring people closer together, eliminate centralized power and its inherent drawbacks, and make society more prosperous. We will continue to contribute our people, products and resources to complete the merger.
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