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Deep understanding of Poka parallel chains

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The blockchain world still needs fresh stories and fresh technology.

The original title: "What's the use of the recently discussed parallel chain and why is it called Boca's trump card?"

Original source: Polkadot Institute of Ecology

background

With Dr. Gavin's response in the community the last two days, here's what we can seeKusamaParallel chain auction may come soon, the long-awaited "beast" seems to be out of the cage, and this moment has been waiting for a long time, it can be said that the official launch of parallel chain will be an epoch-making moment for boka.

But last week we released itAn article on the full picture and hidden business opportunities of Boca's parallel chain slot auction, surprised to find there are many readers understanding of parallel chain also only stay in concept level, but little has been the emergence and development prospect of behind it, and we really don't see on market at present is introduced parallel chain complete and clear, and now may parallel chain and everybody know more changes have taken place in the last year, so we try to analyze all dimensions parallel chains of the past, present and future, to readers.

Of course, part of this article's description of parallel chains is subject to change in the future, and will be updated at the same time.

What is a parallel chain?

First we need to understand the architecture of Boca,Poka is essentially a scalable heterogeneous sharding blockchain consisting of a primary relay chain and multiple parallel chains. Fragmentation means that a block chain into different area, if a block chain is divided into 50 area, then its efficiency is also equivalent to 50 times, and the wave of card is shard perfectly, namely each shard is actually a chain block, the block chain can be a different architecture, so the card is heterogeneous fragmentation chain block, block chain and etheric fang is homogeneous divided, unlike the etheric fang, boca relative better scalability, compatibility, eventually it will form a decentralized block chain network collaboration with each other.

最近被热议的平行链究竟有何妙用，为什么会称它为波卡的王牌？

Parallel chains play a vital role in the Poka ecosystem, and each parallel chain can be optimized for a specific use case with a novel design, and be dedicated to the chain. It interacts with the Poka ecosystem via a relay link, providing interoperability and interoperabilityAcross the chainCommunication services. It provides infinite possibilities for the future development of parallel chains.Currently, Boca officials say that the early design of Boca has about 100 parallel chains that can be connected to the ecosystem, and the endless new Boca Eco projects have made the concept of parallel chains more clear.

We can think of parallel chains as parallel structures in the Boca ecosystem, completely parallel independent chains.

2 Parallel chain operation principle

The high degree of freedom of parallel chains in the Boca ecosystem is one of its greatest strengths. Boca's consensus algorithm is influenced by Tendermint And & have spent The inspiration of HoneybadgerBFT is a new asynchronous Byzantine fault-tolerant algorithm that can quickly reach effective block consensus. More nodes are supported and can accommodate more Byzantine nodes.

For parallel chains within Poka ecology, cross-chains of Poka parallel chains and relay chains can be directly realized by XCMP cross-chain message transport protocol based on SubstrateTo achieve the information interaction between parallel chains. Different parallel chains are like Adobe Different software in the series can be connected through the system in time.

For the blockchain outside the ecosystem, it is connected by a transition bridge, which allows the parallel chains in Polkadot to communicate with the blockchains with their own consensus mechanism to achieve communication between heterogeneous blockchains.

3 Large Classification of Parallel Chains & NBSP;

Based on the latest official view of the Boca ecosystem,Parallel chains are divided into general parallel chains and public interest parallel chains. The general parallel chain refers to the private parallel chain acquired by auction and lease for most of the ecological projects in Boca Ecosystem.We're going to talk about parallel chains of public interest.

In order to maintain and protect the boka ecosystemsecurityStable operation, POKA official launch of on-chain governance by way of referendum decided to register parallel chain slots for the public interest parallel chain. So, what is the parallel chain of the common good?

The parallel chain of public interest includes the parallel chain of system and the parallel chain of public function.Common good chains, which represent the whole ecosystem that can serve the whole ecosystem can be regarded as the public good chain, like the municipal infrastructure.

3.1 Parallel chain of system

System parallel chains can be used for Staking and council election, governance, and identification, as well as for balances.It can transfer part of the function of the relay chain to the parallel chain, and reduce the burden of the relay chain to the greatest extent, so that the whole network is more efficient, the ultimate goal of which is to make the relay chain become a non-transactional system that can handle more parallel chains.

3.2 Common function parallel chain

Common function parallel chains are referred to as transfer Bridges, or are priced in DOT/KSMIntelligent contractPlatforms as well as figures for the central bankcurrencyandStable currencyCommon asset chains that provide stable, permanent platforms, etc.It adds new public functions to the boka ecosystem, making the entire network even more valuable.

3.3 speak to bridge

In the parallel chains of Poca, if the parallel chains generated based on the Substrate framework are used, cross-chain interaction can be easily achieved between them due to the same consensus mechanism, which is also called isomorphic cross-chain. But there's also a situation where some of the blockchain projects that are now fully operational, like Bitcoin, Ethereum, etc.,The consensus mechanism of these blockchains, unlike the Poca ecosystem, cannot be directly linked to Poca, which requires a role of "translator" in the middle, that role is the transition bridge.

Connecting bridge in essence is a kind of parallel chains, they act as a translation, on the one hand, let the relay chain feel the outer chain is a chain of parallel, on the other hand through a parallel chain in boca and external block chain on the deployment of intelligent contracts at the same time, let the relay chain and other itself is not compatible with boca interaction between block chain, to realize the function across the chain.

At present, in view of the encryption currency area biggest consensus on two projects, the currency and etheric, official and Interlay team developed PolkaBTC BTC connecting bridge, also with the team developed the etheric Snow Fork connecting bridge, the two connecting bridge itself has no token, only provides the basic requirements for cross chain, will become a big probability wave card is one of the public function of parallel chains.

Officials are also building a BEEFY (Bridge Efficiency Enabling Finality Yielder) protocol that will allow Substrate chains to Bridge non-Substrate chains using the OVERUP final protocol (currently mainly supported)ETHMainnet), other parallel chains can easily cross-link Ethereum using this protocol. In the future, we believe that the authorities will improve Beefy to the extent that it can be targeted at all kinds of mature blockchain projects.

3.4 Nested relay chains

At present, there is only one relay chain in the architecture of Poca, and the number of parallel chains that can be carried by a single relay chain is limited. The official temporary data is 100, but this does not mean that this is the limit of Poca. The biggest advantage of Poca is its strong scalability. For instance,Poka can use one of these parallel chains as another new one nested within the original one, which can link another 100 parallel chainsJust as today's Pocket is a 100-slot plugboard, when it runs out of slots, a new 100-slot plugboard is inserted into the existing Pocket socket, and so on, Pocket can be linked to an infinite number of blockchains, which can theoretically be infinitely scalable.

最近被热议的平行链究竟有何妙用，为什么会称它为波卡的王牌？

Kusama wave card original canary network, due to its itself belongs to is a normal economic system and management system of chain blocks, nature will have its own ecological, wave on the card in the future new function will run and test on Kusama, many boca ecological projects have also draw lessons from the idea, do a canary in the network of the project, and participate in Kusama slot bidding, Kusama currently ecological development also thrive.

whileThere is a further official arrangement for Kusama to be a nested relay chain for PokaAt present, the authorities have arranged a team to focus on the Kusama transfer bridge, more information about the Kusama transfer bridge, let us wait for the good news.

3.5 Smart contract platform denominated in DOT/KSM

While Poca's relay chain does not support smart contracts, the Substrate framework behind Poca does have a smart contract module. So,Parallel chains on Poka could be used as a smart contract platform, but many existing Boca Ecological projects that make smart contract platforms have their own tokens and do not have public attributes.

For somedevelopersFor example, they didn't want to make a chain, even though it was easy to make a chain on Poka. So, choosing a stable, mature chain to develop on is a need for these developers. But if select a doing the wave of intelligent platform contract card as ecological project carrying their development and application of block chain, will encounter a problem, if the ecology of the chain do not rise, whether your application would also be affected, as in the real world in a sentiment is not very good business circle opened a store, how much will influence the development of their own projects.

For such developers, one solution is to find a smart contract platform that only supports DOT/KSM pricing, a parallel chain of public interest that officials feel is necessary. And the function of this parallel chain is equivalent to the Ethereum on Poka. In the future, many people do not want to send their own chainDAppDevelopers will consider developing on this parallel chain of smart contracts for the public good.

3.6 Other common chains (such as common asset chains)

Assets are an important part of the cryptocurrency space, and today,Stable currencyUSDTHas become the largest cryptocurrency, surpassing BitcoinOn the other hand,Countries are stepping up efforts to develop central bank digital currenciesDigital yuan, our country also test for many times, is rapidly advancing, so, for these assets will become the most basic outline to later, it just needs to control by one project is not suitable, more suitable for a public parallel chains to meet this need, this is also the official recently launched & have spent Statpint common asset chain reasons.

Summary:

The parallel chain of public interests, from a certain point of view, promotes the upgrade and iteration of the boka ecosystem. To put it simply, the parallel chain of the system is like the different departments of the government, which maintain the stability of the Boca ecosystem through community governance under the condition of decentralization, while the public parallel chain is like a new concrete project beneficial to the public, which makes the function of the Boca ecosystem more perfect.

The development status of parallel chains

How are parallel chains generated?

First of all, we need to make it clear that the generation of parallel chain is not a kind of chance accident, but a targeted solution to solve a certain problem in essence. Then what problem is the parallel chain solution to solve?

If you have been involvedDeFiI'm sure you'll understandEthereum's current two core problems are congestion and high gas bills. Of course, even if you don't participate in DEFI, you can probably get a good sense of what "oil is more expensive than food" means by transferring money over the ERC20 network. This problem is not new, however, and has been a common complaint since 2017, when Ethereum began to have various practical applications.

As a result, we saw Ethereum's proposed ETH3.0 solution and wanted to move from PoW (Proof of Work) toPoS(Proof of Interest), in order to solve the current congestion problem. Eth3.0 essentially uses the sharding method to solve the problem, while parallel chain is considered the same, but most people may not know that parallel chain is a subset of sharding.

But it must be reached consensus on the PoS chain, more than two-thirds of all things is happening on the verifier for Layer1 fully agreed, everyone still need to network authentication blocks, which means that the efficiency is not high, so do people put forward the idea of fragmentation, the part of the work is similar to the "outsourcing", in order to reduce the load of the main chain.

So the parallel chain is created to do this "outsourced" work,"With a combination of sharding and proof of stake, parallel chain hosts can provide comprehensive security across many parallel chains, even without all participants checking all state transitions."

But unlike sharding in ETH3.0, Poka Parallel Chains is a heterogeneous sharding solution that solves essentially the same problem, and that's where parallel chains are born.

2 parallel chain current progress

The Web3 Foundation research team started almost two years agoDevelopment of cross-chain messaging (XCMP) capabilitiesAs an important part of parallel chain function, XCMP development has been attracting much attention, and made a breakthrough last year, although it is still in the HRMP protocol (can be understood as XCMP version 0.5) transition phase, but we can foresee that the real XCMP will also come very soon.

And of course in parallel chain developmentParallel Chain Development Kit (PDK) tool developmentThis enables developers to easily create parallel chains that are compatible with Poca. With the convergence of the two major progress, Rococo Test Network was officially launched in August last year, which marked the beginning of parallel chain in the real sense.

The V1 version of Rococo went through several rounds of testing and was completed successfullyyUpdates, once again proving the benefits of a forkless Runtime include real access to projects developed by other Substrate, over 8 parallel chain projects that have been tested successively, a number of bugs have been solved, some functions have been optimized, and problems with speed that occurred a while ago have been resolved recently.

According to the official schedule, there will be more projects involved in Rococo's testing to test and improve more features of parallel chains.

最近被热议的平行链究竟有何妙用，为什么会称它为波卡的王牌？

On the other hand, according to the parallel chain on-line process, the present partPublic welfareThe parallel chain has begun formal testing, which is why we have the news that the Kusama parallel chain slot auction is about to be officially launched, and this marks the parallel chain is about to usher in a real "parade" to be tested by the market.

Meaning of parallel chains

1. Innovation of parallel chains

First of all, how does Boca look at parallel chain innovation?

Parallel chains will disrupt all existing blockchain technologies because they have the advantages of both Layer 1 blockchain and smart contracts.

In contrast to smart contract platforms, which are all generic, parallel chains can be specialized for specific scenarios, such as dedicated to DeFi, or transfer, or governance, etc. Parallel chains, on the other hand, are more active than simply passive. Smart contract models are generally event-driven and often require human interaction, while parallel chains can arrange and set up logic to execute at a specific time or block height.

At the interaction level, the blockchain of Layer1 cannot interact with other chains easily or quickly, as opposed to the blockchain of Layer1. Using and operating a cross-chain bridge is relatively expensive and slow to perform, and difficult to develop. However,All parallel chains on the same relay chain can seamlessly interact across chains. At the security level, it is very difficult to assemble secure validators or miners for the Layer1 blockchain, while the parallel chain of Poca has the security provided by the primary Poca validators.

In addition to the official view, we believe that there are a number of advantages brought by innovation from the structure and reality of Boca.

An innovative technology behind parallel chains is the Substrate Framework, based on Substrate, developers can easily complete the development of blockchain with one click. As a result, the ease with which Hair Chain can be developed makes it tempting for many developers to build on Substrate.

It is reasonable to believe that many future blockchains will be built on the Substrate framework, and what benefit will be gained from this? Simply put, there is greater compatibility in all senses of the word, because everyone is based on the same framework, if oneexchangeHaving incorporated one Substrate chain, it is much easier to incorporate other Substrate chains, or to interact with parallel chains or to develop things together, both of which are derived from the same root. For example, when two Sichuan people talk about cooperation, they both speak Sichuan dialect and are very familiar with the local customs, customs and cultural culture of Sichuan, so the communication will be much smoother.

2 Parallel chain pairsWeb3.0The meaning of

2.1 The innovation of parallel chain accelerates the development of Web3.0

In the case of Web3.0, there will be an endless stream of apps that will be selected through a process of survival of the fittest, and eventually some iconic giant projects will be selected to drive the development of Web3.0. The innovative Substrate framework behind Parallel Chain makes it fast and easy to develop Chain, greatly reduces the R&D cycle of projects, and enables them to be launched and tested in the market faster, which is exactly the impetus for the development of Web3.0.

2.2 The design of parallel chains also enriches the Web3.0 ecology

Parallel chains that break a Layer1 block chain must ensure the problem of universality.Because of cross-chain functionality, parallel chains can focus on some specific application directions.For example, in the past, when we looked at the development of a city, we tended to focus only on the development of a city. Therefore, we might have high requirements in all aspects. If we wanted to develop science and technology, industry, agriculture, tourism and so on, if we wanted to develop everything, we would not be very good in all aspects.

Now, China's development focuses on the economic belt composed of several cities. For example, several cities in the Yangtze River Delta can each focus on a key point and become a direction that has done well in some aspects, such as ShanghaifinancialHangzhou focuses on science and technology Suzhou focuses on industry Ningbo focuses on foreign trade.

Therefore, in a similar way, the original functions of some blockchain can be separated into a chain of specific fields or special functions, which can greatly enrich the ecology of Web3.0, andDue to the division of labor, projects in specific fields can be done more efficiently and professionally.

In fact, boca official also in accordance with the idea, the original wave card relay function gradually split on some of the chain, become one of the parallel system chain, such as governance, transfer, etc., so that we can let the relay chain lightly, further improve the efficiency, or, the official will support some helpful to the whole ecological public parallel chains, such as BTC transfer bridge project, the recent official put forward by the new general parallel chain Statpint assets, intelligent chain Patract contract.

It's worth noting that in the future, as chains become easier to send, some DApp teams will likely consider creating a blockchain based on their own dapps to run their applications separately. Chain by chain, DApp will become very common.

If you look a little bit at the ecological projects on Boca today, you'll see that most of them are clearly a chain, but they're not like they used to beThe male chainThat is universal, but it is either infrastructure, or application, or platform. Compared to the universal public chain, the ecological diversity is self-evident.

3. Imagination of parallel chain development

The architecture of Poca itself is known for its extensibility, which leads to more possibilities. For example, the structure of Poka itself, which has a number of parallel chains linked by its relator chains, actually belongs to the sharding structure. Since its different sharding chains are chains of different architectures, Poka belongs to heterogeneous sharding, while Ethereum is isomorphous sharding.

The Spree module (Shared Protected Runtime Execution Enclaves) was introduced late last year, a new feature that allows Boca to take advantage of both heterogeneous and homogeneous sharding.

The basic way Spree works is that each parallel chain that uses the Spree module has a special area that follows the rules of the Spree module on the relay chain, which cannot be changed by each parallel chain, and that area can be used exclusively for more security-sensitive operations such as money transfers. For example, Spree is like a provincial discipline committee, not subject to local restrictions, only adhering to a central (relay chain).

The advantage of this mechanism is, on the one hand, it can make an application in each run parallel to the chain, just as you are a company, and you are on the WeChat made a small program, and made a small program on alipay, also made a small program on the trill, and these small application is an application, thus realize the isomorphism shard, can improve efficiency.

On the other hand, different parallel chains can be in different domains or have different functions, so with Spree, you can give an app access to the functions on different parallel chains, giving it the advantage of heterogeneous sharding.

Or, the relationship between parallel chains, not just cross-chain interaction through relay chains. Many parallel chains, for example, are developed based on Substrate framework, makes the basis of the same chain may be between parallel to another without the relay chain way to connect again, perhaps two common development tool chain, maybe it could be because certain chain will be the direction of specialization, to launch a tool for use it all the chain, the chain is another form to become another block chain network.

For another example, several chains with different functions jointly launch an application or tool, just like the Yangtze River Delta Economic Circle. Although it is now more of a combination of two project parties, we believe that in the future there will be more than two parties working together to launch more complex and comprehensive products or tools.

Afterword.

Recently, Boca officials said,Parity plans to develop and propose a parallel chain of common assets called Statpint, which will be available for deployment as the first generic parallel chain approved by Poca and KusamaNFT, stablecoin, central bank digital currency and other assets. Once you occupy the main asset issuance port,We have reason to believe that Statpint will be a big move for Boca.

If the previous parallel chain was more functional, Statpint seems to be more in line with the user's asset side, which is in line with several of the current trends, and is bound to lead to more interesting things. After all, an NFT painting recently sold at Christie's for more than $60 million, the world is so magical.

And parallel to block chain or wave card itself chain chemistry currently seems to be no real spark, but when we completely understand the idea behind the parallel chain and the future might happen in the story, it is full of more expectation, chain blocks, after all, the story of the world still need fresh, also need fresh technology.

Wave card, of course, the official to the improvement of the parallel chain function, may also be born more like Statpint, and that is worth us to track and focus on things for a long time, the artist told us "unfinished" is the best state, and for doers, unfinished anticipation talent, just as it is Dr Gavin is both artists, is also a doer.

Boca ecology questions and answers Q& A

We have created a new section dedicated to answering some of your frequently asked questions. You can follow the Polkadot Institute of Ecology and post your questions on the background of the official account. We will select some questions and reply to them in the Q&A section at the end of each article.

This issue is about the Boca parallel chain slot auction Q& A:

Q1: Many Poka projects are working on the Ethereum Bridge, and the official team is also working on the Ethereum Bridge with Snow Fork. Will Snow Fork be the only Ethereum Bridge?

A1:

1. There is no rule that only one transfer bridge can be allowed in the same chain.

2. Snow Fork's Ethereum chain will be a public interest chain and will not issue currency itself.

3. There will be multiple Ethereum transfer Bridges in the future. In this regard, it can be understood that Snow Fork is required by the system in order to meet a public need in function. But on the other hand, other projects that make Ethereum transfer Bridges will have some other functions and their own tokens, forming another set of ecology. The two can be different but compatible.

Q2: How to choose different transfer Bridges?

A2:For different bridge projects, there must be some difference in cost, efficiency, or different bridge projects will bring different functions due to the actual use situation. For example, the Ethereum transition bridge in the official public interest parallel chain may be relatively simple and clean, while other non-public transition Bridges may enjoy some special functions of the chain, or may have some special incentives. You might as well look at how to choose a transfer bridge from the perspective of the market, according to their own needs and actual experience, make a choice.