High performance and tried their best chain and lateral Solana sword
Source: Blue Fox notes
FTX shortly will be based on Solana released its DEX trading platform, the DEX called Serum. FTX CEO SBF for Solana also openly "salt" : "Solana fantastic!" What is this? Why is not based on Ethernet fang build its DEX?
All this is the result of Solana features: on the premise of ensure the safety of a certain degree, high performance and low cost.
Solana status quo
By blue fox notes writing, Solana nearly 2 billion times the total number of transactions, the current TPS, between about 200-300 is about 10 to 20 times that of the ETH at present, most can deal with the current scenario of transactions, especially in the field of DeFi deal.
(SOURCE: Solanabeach. IO)
Solana tokens for SOL, by the end of the blue fox notes when writing, the current market value of more than $38 million, active pledge of more than 170 million, a total of 135 pledge. Which pledged more than $1 million (calculated at the current price of SOL) pledged to reach 128, the verifier is relatively decentralized, and pledge a certain amount of money, Solana have certain community foundation. At present mainly from its pledge in Europe, America, Asia pledge the participation is relatively low.
Solana does not take the road of fragmentation
The mainstream of current block chain extension scheme is shard + layer2. The Solana is an alternative. It does not choose fragmentation path, which is encrypted in the world of two project of deep impression, let the blue fox notes is a Solana, one is Holochain. Solana trying to achieve high performance, low cost, and a certain degree of decentralization and security. It also has a very important advantage is that don't have to worry about the problem of composability. If the chain after fragmentation, composability is a must face the problem. While no shard Solana no such worries.
Solana founder is Anatoly Yakovenko. From the public information, before he has been thinking about a problem: how decentralized network composed of many nodes to achieve the performance of the single node? The underlying thinking on this issue, raises one of the most important concept in Solana: PoH (Proof of History).
Solana's clock
Mechanism of Solana PoH is not a consensus, also not to resist the witch attack mechanism. It is essentially a clock for block chain solution of the problem. Ticking clock according to the current block chain blocks to travel, such as COINS, its time to tick about once every 10 minutes, click update every time a block, block update on behalf of the state of the global update. That is to say, in the currency of the PoW mechanism, the time and the coupling of the state is, the travel of the synchronized. In the hearing by PoW and difficult adjustment and the longest chain in combination rules, implement the global consensus without permission environment.
However, this global consensus also has throughput limitations, as throughput depends on block size and block time. The larger the block, the shorter the block time and the higher the throughput. However, a larger block is not conducive to the decentralization of nodes, and the reduction of block time will increase the probability of chain bifurcation.
In order to improve the throughput, Solana time and state decoupling scheme is put forward, how to do this? Need to be globally available clock. With the global clock, status updates can be carried out in accordance with the asynchronous; A global consistent clock and transaction time stamp, can realize continuous flow between the transactions in the network. Solana PoH mechanism is for all the nodes in the network chain globally available time.
Have independent chain time validation leaders after receiving the timestamp will broadcast to the committee as soon as possible. Timestamp order have specification, is not arbitrary to determine the order of the block producer, Solana the verifier can send status updates to the other nodes in real time. Node continues to receive new deals, deals with signature of the sender PoH hash, and will forward it to the neighbor nodes.
Solana the verifier by SHA - 256 order of hash of VDF (verifiable delay function) to solve the problem of clock. Each Solana VDF validators use to maintain its own clock, can arrange ahead of schedule for cycle (epoch) leaders.
By PoH, Solana validation leaders can achieve continuous rotation, and the rotation of the decision is asynchronous.Solana network can also rotate verifier and its rotation can do not need to talk to each other between the verifier can achieve. And often block between chain requires the verifier to rotate decision to talk to. This design gives Solana greater scalability.
In addition to PoH, Solana in block consensus mechanism, radio, books are also optimized storage, etc.
Solana's TBFT Consensus
Solana's consensus mechanism is the TBFT Consensus (Tower BFT), similar to the PBFT consensus. Solana's TBFT, however, prioritizes activity over consistency. Solana's nodes can calculate the current number of verifiers, the status of each verifier, and the timeout that each verifier submits to any block in the network. With these data structures, nodes can vote and reach consensus.
Solana Turbine block broadcasts
Turbine is Solana's block broadcast technology, which borrows the idea of BitTorrent. When a block is transmitted, it is broken up into many small packets and broadcast to a large number of random nodes. According to Solana itself, with its fan-out mechanism, if each connection is 100 milliseconds, replication can be done in 400 milliseconds for a network of 40,000 nodes, and finality in 500 milliseconds.
In addition, due to the consensus of Solana layer is not dependent on the point-to-point message, so you can block the network optimization is independent of the consensus.
Solana the Gulf Stream
In Slolana's structure, each verifier knows the order of future leaders, and the verifier trades ahead of timeForward to the expected leader. This allows the verifier to execute the trade ahead of time, reducing validation time and memory pressure on the verifier.
A client such as a wallet signs a transaction that references a specific block hash. The client selects a block hash that is fully recognized by the network, requiring 32 blocks in the worst case, and 25.6 seconds at most, assuming a block time of about 800 milliseconds.
Once the transaction is forwarded to any verifier, the verifier forwards the transaction to the future leader. The client can subscribe to a transaction confirmation from the verifier. The client knows that the block hash has expired within a limited time or that the transaction has been confirmed by the network. It allows clients to sign trades that are guaranteed to execute or fail.
Solana's sealevel
Sealevel is Solana's technical solution to build horizontal expansion and is an engine for parallel transaction processing. Most blockchains are single-threaded computers. Solana attempts to support parallel transaction execution in a single shard. It borrows operating system driver technology from Scatter - Gathter. Transactions specify in advance the state in which they will be read or written when executed. The runtime can find all the non-overlapping state transition functions in a block and process them in parallel.
Sealevel itself is used to arrange trading virtual machine, but it does not trade in a virtual machine. It USES the Berkeley Packet Filter (BFT, designed for high performance Packet Filter) bytecode, will deal in local hardware implementation.
Using LLVM, the same compiler for WASM, provides developers with a set of tools for writing high-performance smart contracts in C/C ++ and Rust. Solana does not use WASM, but developers can recompile C and Rust code with a few changes on the Solana compiler. Developers can migrate applications from other WASM chains (ETH2.0, Polkadot, EOS, etc.). This will have some appeal for developers.
For security, Solana's architecture allows for strict state separation between different modules, while introducing resources and scripts as high-level concepts.
Solana's Pipelining
The transaction validation process on the Solana network exploits the Pipelining mechanism (a common optimization in CPU design). Pipelining (transaction processing unit) on the Solana network performs data capture at the kernel level, signature verification at the GPU level, storage at CPU level, and write at the kernel level. According to Solana, through this mechanism, its transaction processing unit can process 50,000 transactions simultaneously.
Solana's Cloudbreak
Cloudbreak is Solana's horizontally extended memory solution. In addition to scaling computing, it is also necessary to scale memory, because the memory used to track accounts can quickly become a bottleneck in terms of size and access speed. The general approach is to maintain global state in RAM. However, ordinary computers do not have enough RAM to store global state. Solana designed the Cloudbreak state architecture for optimization. Each additional disk increases the storage capacity available to programs on the chain and increases the number of concurrent read-writes that can be executed at execution time.
This structure enables early execution of transactions. As soon as the verifier observes the transaction, Sealevel can start prefetching all accounts from disk and prepare for run time for execution. Validators and block producers can start executing trades before the trade code enters the block, which helps further optimize block time.
Solana's Archiver
To ease the burden on the verifier, Solana moves the data store from the verifier to a node network called Archiver. The history of the trading status is broken into many pieces and erasure code technology is used. Archiver is used to store fragments of state but does not participate in consensus. Solana USES PoRep (Proof of Replication) technology, which must be familiar to those who know About Filecoin, from the concept of Filecoin.
Solana optimizes the way RoRep is created with PoH (Proof of History). The Archiver node USES the PoH to produce lightweight proofs that can be validated on a large scale by the verifier on the GPU. Archiver nodes can even be lightweight nodes (such as laptops). The Archiver network provides data availability assurance through erasure codes and redundancy.
Through PoH innovation and several other aspects of optimization, Solana is trying to find a way to expand without fragmentation.
Such as Serum can be successful, mean to Solana?
Solana had before Kin, Kin to shift its network to Solana. Now FTX Serum also plans to build on the Solana. Once it have certain scale and developers to support user, it will cause more and more community and developers to pay attention to.
FTX chooses Solana to construct its DEX Serum.The core reasons are as follows:
One is high throughput and low latency.
At present, its theoretical TPS can reach up to 50,000 times (60 nodes). Today Solana's TPS is also in the 200-300 range (more than 150 nodes), and it can complete transactions in less than a second. This is in stark contrast to the low throughput and high latency of today's blockchain. In the event of a collapse in mortgage prices, too low throughput and too slow speeds could result in massive user losses. These realities keep developers and users looking for new options.
Second, low cost.
It is said that millions of transfer deal costs only about $10. With the user participation now DeFi mining costs a huge contrast. Now user participation DeFi of liquidity $dozens of mining and gas fee is a very common thing. So high cost unless there is a high income to support, otherwise it is difficult to continue.
The third is compatibility and composability without worrying about it.
Solana supports Rust, C, C++, Move (Libra) languages and also enables developers to migrate applications from the WASM chain (ETH2.0, Polkadot, EOS, and so on). These compatibility can reduce developer development costs.
Moreover, since Solana is not going the sharding route, there is no need to worry about issues such as cross-sharding of smart contracts.
& have spent
The meaning of success of Serum Solana will not lower than the meaning of FTX. If Serum run successfully, then the other by high costs, low throughput and low speed DeFi project will start to seriously consider the more options and possibilities. Of course, due to the wealth of the etheric fang ecology, it does not mean that will leave the etheric, will only consider more options.
Don't go the way of fragmentation of Solana is not the path to go
Solana network adopted based on the PoH clock mechanism, but also optimizes the consensus mechanism, data broadcast, parallel transaction processing, with a separate node network status data storage, etc., the purpose is in order to guarantee a certain degree of decentralization and security situation, achieve high throughput and low delay and low cost, thus can satisfy the user requirements of most of the scene.
Solana wants to capture the holy grail of encryption: scalability. Therefore, the road for Solana is not a path, but a road full of dreams.
But it's different. It's not an extensible way to slice. It's a new species in encryption.
Encryption area occupy the absolute dominance of COINS and etheric fang, want to transcend them almost impossible under the existing structure. The new architecture is the only thing that there is an opportunity, only new species can grow.
Of course, the new architecture means high risk, because it may not be done, or it may be done without community support; It also means high yields, and if it can be built and supported by developers and the community, it has a chance to grow.
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